Introduction to Folklore Folklore Genres and Analysis

Old stories is a perplexing term, whose definition has worked up blended considerations and belief systems in the folklorists’ world. There is no single definition that is all around acknowledged since various folkloristsâ€in the past and currentâ€have various contemplations. In any case, these fluctuated considerations are interlinked with Alan Dunde’s rundown of old stories, which involves various sorts that are hard to arrange (Oring, 1989).Advertising We will compose a custom report test on Introduction to Folklore: Folklore Genres and Analysis explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More subsequently, changed definitions have been created to help comprehend the class better. Somewhat, the two words that offer ascent to the general term â€Å"folklore† impact the folklorists’ work in concocting a definition. The implications related with the words â€Å"folk† and â€Å"lore† ought to be visualized in the general meaning of the word. As per Newell (1890), old stories is â€Å"oral convention and conviction passed on from age to age without the utilization of writing† (Oring, 1989, p. 7). At first, old stories alluded to stabilities, for example, legends that empowered the continuation of a training after some time. The utilization of stories and convictions was related with a folklore and concocting a lucid qualification among folklore and old stories was key. Be that as it may, this reason became powerless when Newell’s redefinition of legends surfaced. Folklorists connect fables to working class in light of the fact that the crude and less advantaged individuals will in general worth their social practices and qualities, which are given starting with one age then onto the next, contrasted and enlightened individuals. Common and profound features of legends have been disintegrated among the urban acculturated individuals. The working class despite everything esteem their normal and othe rworldly lives that have not been contorted by urbanization. A run of the mill model is the present world we are living in, which because of innovative change and advancement has set more spotlight on improving life as opposed to harping on keeping up the realness of fables. A visit to networks that have not been dirtied by westernization and its implications shows that these social orders are still weaved into their antiquated practices. I along these lines accept that in spite of the changed meanings of old stories, it is slanted to a specific gathering sharing a specific â€Å"ancient factor†.Advertising Looking for report on social investigations? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Folklore never passes on; it by one way or another figures out how to remember despite the fact that not in its unique state as long as it flourishes here and there. In any case, it is contended that its worth lies in its association with regular day by day encounters of the individuals regardless of the change. Old stories ought not simply radiate from organizations. At the point when old stories develops after some time and is changed to fit into the contemporary society, at that point it loses its customary and antiquated perspectives that are basic in characterizing legends. A common model is in Frank’s (1985) writing that shows Cape Bretoners as individuals, who have been quickly growing their occupation exercises to suit the evolving times. The historical backdrop of Cape Breton as a modern culture goes back to the 1820s. During this time, mining may have been the conventional financial movement for the individuals around the coal mineshafts. Be that as it may, the popularity for work when human progress penetrated brought about drawing individuals from their run of the mill jobs as ranchers and fishers (folklife). Under such conditions, the folklife of the individuals was cleared away by the overbearin g coal organizations prompting a difference in conviction frameworks and lifestyle. Likewise, the tasks of these organizations were enacted and organized in a way that gutted the common articulations and folklife of the individuals. The articulations displayed by the coal diggers â€Å"voting for work up-and-comers, joining co-agents and building unions† are not old stories. These exercises were not willful articulations. The individuals were constrained by cruel treatment from the coal organizations to think of methodologies that would shield their human rights (Frank, 1985, p.203). Legends are intended to pass on explicit messages/rehearses that are applicable to the general public in which they are created after some time without themselves getting adjusted. For instance in provincial Cape Breton, melodies and stories were profoundly valued and esteemed in the locale. In this locale, there was a high pace of movement and ethnic ties were remarkable. American anthropologist s contend that ethnic ties (society) bound individuals of a similar network together. It was hard for an untouchable to enter into the society social orders. Legends areas are a type of social character. Thusly, individuals with a similar foundation direction share comparable stories, delimit their people society and they have a comparable comprehension of issues.Advertising We will compose a custom report test on Introduction to Folklore: Folklore Genres and Analysis explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The congregation was a significant social organization for the Cape Bretoners. In spite of the way that the congregation doesn't meet all requirements to be fables, the notions, mentalities and conviction frameworks of the individuals towards the congregation are legends (Frank, 1985, p. 204). Just 23 people couldn't express the religion they were associated to thus, a sign that the individuals had solid confidence and faith in the congregation. Notwithstanding peo ple’s solid faith in the congregation, the detailed and archived exercises by the pastors were not part of the people’s legends since they were not a genuine impression of the followers’ considerations and thoughts. Rather, the church’s exercises were planned for inferring some type of advantage as the congregation forced its precepts on the individuals. In his composition, Frank plainly exhibits this through an old stories kind (joke), â€Å"I needed to take as much time as is needed I saw him and go to chapel twice on Sunday to hold my position† (Frank, 1985, p. 208). This statement is fables and yet shows how the congregation, the establishment of people’s confidence didn't fit the bill to be old stories. The statement speaks to an individual’s demeanor towards the congregation. A large portion of old stories classes are primarily utilized for beguilement and diversion like stories, tunes, jokes and moves. The old trademark they ha ve makes them impossible to miss to the eye, in this way making a sentiment of energy. In Cape Breton, there was a blend of music and melodies as showed by Frank (1985). Be that as it may, music becomes fables just on the off chance that it is harmonious with the meaning of unwritten customs. Cape Breton people group is a delineation of the pretended by music in making congruity in spite of its assorted variety. The melodies sung had a typical subject common by the coal excavators: â€Å"that they didn't have a slave-vivacious soul† (Frank, 1985, p. 206). The above conversation on understanding old stories shows that legends shapes a reason for social character. Culture is significant in light of the fact that it gives an individual a feeling of having a place. As per â€Å"The Intangible Heritage Messenger† (2003), there is a solid connection between impalpable social legacy and old stories. UNESCO characterizes elusive social legacy as â€Å"the rehearses, portrayal s, articulations, information, skillsâ€as well as instruments, items, antiques and social spaces related therewithâ€that networks, gatherings and, now and again, people perceive as a major aspect of their social heritage† (What is Intangible Cultural Heritage, 2003, p.1).Advertising Searching for report on social investigations? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Reasons talked about in this paper structure a reason for clarifying why UNESCO utilizes the expression â€Å"intangible social legacy (ICH)†. Regardless, the areas under the impalpable social legacy are theoretical frameworks that various societies invest wholeheartedly in independent of their history. A few societies are related with cultivating while in others, angling is the occupation. In this way, UNESCO recognizes the differing idea of societies and along these lines is set on guaranteeing that each culture’s elusive legacy is very much ensured. Fables then again delimits the class and particularly when change is clear. Controlled sorts are not supreme fables and all the more so on the off chance that they are not a vital part of people’s lives. UNESCO doesn't put limitations on ICH. Consequently, every elusive area that characterizes culture, regardless of its temperament and ensuing control, is a piece of the ICH. A model is the antiquated cultivating so ciety contrasted and the contemporary cultivating society. The present utilization of laborers and machines for business creation has disturbed the conventional act of cultivating, which was essential in people’s day by day lives since they exclusively depended on it. While current cultivating falls under ICH, it isn't legends. Moreover, writing shows that the spaces recorded by UNESCO are not a thorough rundown of legends consequently, it is misdirecting to utilize it as an aggregate term. Old stories is an increasingly perplexing term and utilizing it would require the show to dive further into the past to get every one of those kinds that characterize antiquated individuals and their practices with the least conceivable change in examination with UNESCO’s ICH (What is Intangible Cultural Heritage, 2003). References Frank, D. (1985). Convention and Culture in the Cape Breton Mining Community in the Early Twentieth Century. In K. Donovan (ed.), Cape Breton at 200 (pp. 203-221). Sydney: University College of Cape Breton Press. Newell, W. (1890). The Study of Folklore.

Faulkner’s Exploration of the Human Spirit Essay -- Literary Analysis

William Faulkner acknowledged his Nobel Peace Prize in December 1950. During his acknowledgment discourse, Faulkner announced that the honor was made not to him as a man, yet to his life’s work, which was made, â€Å"out of the materials of the human soul something which didn't exist before† (PF ). He felt that the cutting edge essayist had lost association with his soul and that he should reconnect with the all inclusive facts of the heartâ€â€Å"love and respect and pity and pride and empathy and sacrifice† (PF ). Through his characters voice and presentation of their soul, Faulkner cemented man’s everlasting status by â€Å"lifting his heart, by helping him to remember the fearlessness and respect and expectation and pride and sympathy and pity and penance which have been the magnificence of his past† (PF ). Albeit a few pundits have described his work as violet, managing indecent topics and the torments and fierceness of life; it very well ma y be contended that even his generally pitiful and corrupted characters express constructive excellencies and individual qualities. The reason for this paper is to talk about the depiction and appearance of the human soul in a chosen few of William Faulkner’s scholarly characters, indicating that they have both human quality and blemishes. So what is the human soul and for what reason is it noteworthy? It is a to some degree indefinable idea. As indicated by Faulkner the human soul is the association with the widespread realities of the heartâ€â€Å"love and respect and pity and pride and sympathy and sacrifice† (PF). Yet, more than that, he was worried about the possibility that man had gotten careless in regards to the issues of the soul; that he lost his attention to the inward battle of heart in strife with itself. The human soul can likewise be depicted regarding enduring affliction, adjusting to c... ...lkner. Ed. Malcolm Cowley. New York: Penguin Books, 2003. Viking Press, 1946. Falkner, William. The Sound and the Fury. New York: Vintage Books, 1990. J. Cape and H. Smith, 1929. Gwynn, Frederick L. also, Joseph L. Blotner, eds. Faulkner in the University: Class Conferences at the University of Virginia 1957-58. New York: Vintage Books, 1959. Howe, Irving. William Faulkner: A Critical Study. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press, 1975.Orig. 1951. Vintage Books, 1962. Meriwether, James B. also, Michael Millgate, eds. Lion in the Garden: Interviews with William Faulkner 1926-1962. New York: Random House, 1968. O’Donnell, George M. â€Å"Faulkner’s Mythology.† William Faulkner: Four Decades of Criticism. Linda W. Wagner, ed. East Lansing, MI: MSU Press, 1973. 83-93. Teske, John A. â€Å"The Social Construction of the Human Spirit.† http://users.etown.edu/t/teskeja/schs.html

CP23 Chris Kelsey from Cazza Talks about Starting a Business at 17 and 3D House Printing

CP23 Chris Kelsey from Cazza Talks about Starting a Business at 17 and 3D House Printing Welcome to the 23rd episode of our podcast with Chris Kelsey from Cazza!You can download the podcast to your computer or listen to it here on the blog. Click here to subscribe in iTunes. INTRODUCTIONMartin: Have you ever thought about starting your own business but you felt, maybe I am too young for this or maybe I am too old for this? Today we have a very young entrepreneur here on Cleverism. Hi, Chris! Who are you and what do you do?Chris: Hi, I am, I guess you could say an entrepreneur, I am the founder of, previously Appsitude which I sold, and now I am the CEO and Co-founder of Cazza Construction Technologies.Martin: Tell me about your entrepreneurial journey, so the company that you started before, what were they actually doing and the second question would be how did you grow this company that fast?Chris: It was an App and Web development company and later we moved on to doing marketing as well. Essentially if someone had an App idea, our team would build it for them and then later on we ended up helping, besides building it we also had a marketer.In terms of how we grew it, initially what happened was I went on Craigslist at the mid-end of December 2014, and I looked at people posting Ads, sending their App ideas and then I also posted an Ad offering App development services. I did it more as a test just to see if anyone would actually be interested in doing it, like wanting to pay for the service. Then within, I would say around 10 days of messaging the first person, I was able to close my first development contract for US $16,500.Martin: Wow, cool stuff.Chris: I got my first contract and what I did was, I had originally spoken with the developer and designer before to have the project to do it, and I managed the project essentially. Over that few month period we ended up having the App out and then we got more contracts as well during that time. But throughout that, every time we got a new deal, I would hire another developer or 2 depending on how big the App was, some of the projects were a lot bigger than others. Over time we just kind of kept expanding and then we had over 60 employees when we were acquired.Martin: Cool stuff. Chri s did you get paid only in cash from your customers or did you negotiate some kind of deal where you had some cash and equity component?Chris: Later on we began doing an equity component. Initially, I hadn’t really thought about it but then after some of the projects we ended up doing really well, I was like maybe we should have equity as well.So we started Appsitude accelerator, which actually is like we partner up people that had App ideas and then they would get to work with our team directly in exchange for like a lower They wouldn’t have to pay as much or sometimes I would cover their entire development cost to work on a project with them.Martin: Why do you think those customers decided to purchase this web design / app development service from you instead of all the millions of other companies who are basically providing a service in the same segment?Chris: One of the things I think happened, I mean to put it in perspective with the first client that I got, and I noticed t his a lot, a lot of them were very surprised that I was 17. I was 17 when I had started it. A lot of them were surprised to see that a 17 year old was running a company.Essentially what happened was, to put it in perspective, initially we worked on those first few projects which did well, and then in terms of like getting downloads and everything, some of them did, definitely not all of them. Then, because we established the portfolio and everything, people begun going: Oh, like you guys, this project which did really well, can you help us with this? And that is when we actually moved into more like marketing. But I think in terms of why specifically us, I think that when it comes to app development, it has one very big with personal connections; what I mean is if you are the first person they know. That they think this is the guy who does the Apps, they will often go to you. I felt that it helped a lot our business, and then also I felt that, I actually think that my age was a big advantage.Martin: Because this is not what I would have expected, what does the typical customer look for? Is it more like a 20 year old as well or is it more like a 30 or 40 or 50 year old person?Chris: It is actually varied. I mean we have had people that, we have worked with like a high school student before and his dad was a lawyer that paid for it. And then we have worked with, I think the oldest person we have worked with is like 80 or 82 or something like that.Martin: Wow. What type of App did you develop for those guys? Especially for the 80 year old guy?Chris: One of them was kind of running fitness App for like old people. It was like a group of lawyers from Michigan and they just, they gave us a huge budget for it, like they offered the budget and, we built it and everything and they didn’t even actually have it, like published publicly, they just use it privately with their friends. It made me realize, like I began to realize like I think the Apps are kind of a status symbol for people, just to say that they have their own App, and I think that was the reason why they did it.Martin: If I am thinking about why somebody would have worked with you, is it more that your App would have been more effective, more beautiful or that you have been cheaper?Chris: I wouldn’t say cheaper. In the beginning I tried to see if I can compete in that way and I realized that that is not really a great way to usually have a long term business I think that my goal was more the quality-efficiency route and being able to help give proper guidance.Not initially, in the beginning it really was just building Apps, and the idea of doing more, like I said the marketing advice and doing actual accelerator came like mid, earlier to mid this year, 2016. In terms of the selling points, I think that the selling point often was, just kind of I think when the people talk to me and they kind of see what we have done in such a short period of time, they assume Because the thing is, if you are building an App for someone it is building a business, essentially in all the cases we did it, they would go: Okay, if you can already build a successful business and you are 17 or 18 or 19, then you probably can help give me good advice with my App, or that kind of thing.Martin: If I summarize then it is basically you have identified an untapped demand which was basically on Craigslist, so almost nobody I assume or as I understood was going after this type of demand you did. Second thing is you tried to help them develop an effective App which will fulfill their objectives, and then based on that you had some kind of track record and scaled it from there.Chris: Yes, and also initially, the thing about Craigslist was, it actually wasnt very necessarily untapped, there actually was a lot of people posting. I would actually post Ads just to see how many people would message me so if I said I had an App idea and I would get like 50 emails in over like a 3 day period. But th e thing that I realized is a lot of them were just bad emails, like there would be I can build your App all over case letters and thats it. It was really crappy emails.I remember the first client had gotten he said to me, You are the first person that actually sent to me a coherent email. I was actually kind of surprised. I realized, at least with Craigslist at the time the barrier to entry was actually so low, it was what people were sending out that even if you just wrote a normal email, you could stand out.Martin: Cool stuff, great. Chris, now you have sold your business, why did you sell it?Chris: I had a side project called The Cazza which I think I said earlier that was kind of really growing on me in terms wanting to do it. So when I had the chance, when I had an offer to sell I decided to do it. I was planning to do it, to stay with it a lot longer but I realized that I really wanted to do Cazza like 100% now. So it just made sense.Martin: Great. What is Cazza?Chris: Cazza i s a construction technology company that focuses on construction automation. So essentially we are making construction faster, more cost effective and more environmentally friendly.Martin: What is so unique about this kind of business? Is it some kind of technology game where you have some kind of IPs so nobody else can compete with you in this kind of segment for cost effectiveness, speed etc.? What is your unique or secret source?Chris: We are 3D printing houses.Martin: Yes, but others could do this as well. So the question then is, if you are trying to automate the construction work by 3D printing houses, what keeps others from doing the same what you do, so basically acquiring the same customers and delivering on this construction automation?Chris: By always having the best technology.Martin: How do you make sure of that? Are you having some kind of IP or do you have some kind of exclusive technology partnerships?Chris: Yes to both. I mean from an IP perspective yes, building al so from partnering with the right people as well.Martin: How did you get about this kind of business idea? At what point in time did your entrepreneurial bug bites you again and said: Chris, I need to do this kind of business.Chris: I will give an example, my original goal of Appsitude was to be able to have a company that I could then have money to sell/fund a bigger dream project of mine and I think that, I dont know how young I got it but I always envisioned myself in like a creator or a builder to some regard.So what happened was I began realizing we could do a lot of things with this technology, I begun seeing us like building cities and doing a lot of cool things and like building the future, whether building a house or building entire cities and communities and everything in between. That became one of my visions and really kind of passion project I guess you could say that ended up becoming what it is now today.Martin: Chris, what is the current status of projects that you c ould deliver on? So could you rebuild the Trump Tower for example?Chris: Technically right now you can actually build buildings with our technology, but it is not as cost effective yet for buildings. So you can save up to 90% of labor costs for houses up to three storeys. But when you start building buildings, we are not releasing the technology until next year, for actual building.Martin: Okay. Now the question is, I understand that it saves up to 90% of labor costs, but from my perspective, I would be rather interested in what are the initial installment costs of creating this building and are the total lifetime costs so to speak? And how does it compare to alternative solutions?Chris: I dont know a lot of details in the Trump Tower because I have heard of it but I dont know how tall it is or anything. I mean from a comparative cost perspective, the reason I gave percentage because it varies completely on a case by case basis, because buildings can be built in many different ways. So you are saying can I give a cost example of how much cheaper it is or? Sorry I just want to make sure I understand.Martin: Sure, what you are telling me is that you are saving x% which is quite high like 90% or so off the labor costs. But labor costs is only one component of the total costs, for example, for initial installment or total cost of ownership. Because if I would be thinking about whether there are several alternatives how I could construct my building.First I could go to, lets call it a traditional construction company. They hire some people, put some stones above each other and then there is a house. And then it will continue to live for 30 years or so with some kind of operation cost, etc. Then I can calculate how much are the lifetime costs for this type of building over those 30 years.Now alternative 2, which is basically Cazza, how much would it cost similar building, I am just getting some kind of ballpark to build the initial building and then how long would i t maybe live, would it be living longer, shorter? Because then I would compare the total cost of ownership for a building with traditional means of construction and then with the one of 3D printing.Chris: Yes, so putting it to perspective we are 3D printing currently with concrete and the concrete mixes that we have are able to cost far less to produce than typical concrete but it is still durable so it is still hurricane proof and everything that you would expect typical concrete to be, besides saving on the material costs as well because the concrete mix and the way that it works with the technology. I mean it would be a typical building for the most part. If you are talking about houses, I prefer to focus on houses right now because we do not really have the technology for buildings until next year. But specifically for houses it is difficult the ability of what a normal concrete house would be.Martin: Great stuff. Are you currently already in the process of talking to potential customers and partners? Or are you only focusing currently on making the technology work?Chris: We are launching, we are going to begin to actually selling the technology in December 2016, this year. Mostly we have been talking in terms of forming partnerships with real estate development companies and construction companies that want to acquire the technology. Some of the things that happened was, we are mostly just forming these partnerships right now across the world.Martin: Why are you trying to sell the technology where you could also try to target the end customers directly? Why did you decide for being a a technology provider and targeting the middle man? And selling technology versus selling houses?Chris: That is just the market that we want to focus on because we think it is a simpler business model. I mean we could change that maybe. But right now we think it is just easier to focus on it.Martin: Good stuff. Where do you think Cazza will be heading towards maybe in the nex t 4-5 years? So what is your vision?Chris: Our vision definitely is to spread this technology across the globe, just do some cool things with it. I mean, really, even though it is a business (I know it very well financially), for me at least it is more about the impact it has in the world because from an environmentally friendly stand point. For example construction today causes a lot of air pollution and water pollution and there is a lot of construction waste.This method of construction that we have developed, it eliminates most of that because there is not tons of dust in air and everything, it is just pouring out the concrete and the different materials that are required to build the house. So I am looking forward to seeing, one being the environmental impact that it has in terms of helping the world, and also seeing the structures and buildings and everything that people do with the technology.Martin: Are you also foreseeing using different materials so instead of concrete you are using for example some kind of other regenerative materials like wood, hanf, maybe even some other kind of more garbage products like plastic or something like this?Because I have seen several videos on YouTube for example where they take lets the garbage of plastic and press it and then build a house out of it. So do you foresee yourself doing something like this? Because if you have the technology for the 3D printing, would it be also useable for changing the material input for example?Chris: Yes, we will be doing that. We already are researching new materials and our concrete mix is already like kind of a new material the way that it works, but yes we have been looking at different materials and we have some that we will be announcing. I don’t know when, how soon yet but it is more about passing it from a protocol perspective.I don’t think in the US people would, I am sure there are exceptions with a lot of people wouldn’t like the idea of building a house made of plast ic or recycled materials, so it would be very, kind of more niche specific, at least in the beginning. But the main thing that we care about with the new materials is that the houses are safe to live in, in regards to, if we are not using concrete, we are doing with something like plastic, we need to make sure that it is safe for people to live in. Not necessarily just from a durability stand point but you want to make sure that if it is recycled materials that they are safe materials to actually live in.Martin: Chris, if I am looking at your prior company, it seems to me that the major customer acquisition channel was Craigslist, what do you see at the major customer acquisition channel for Cazza?Chris: Just to clarify I don’t think it was just Craigslist, it was Craigslist in the beginning, for the first year which is what got us started and helped a lot throughout the way, but later on it just became from more networking and kind of travelling and then meeting people who would reach out to us because they knew that we were building Apps and we had clients from around the world, just from news articles that happened about us and things like that people would reach out, so it wasn’t just Craigslist.Our new channel for Cazza, mostly it is just going through our personal network and reaching out to the people that we know, because the thing is through Appsitude, I made friends with a lot of people from all over the world, and some in very high places. So it has allowed us to just kind of show them the technology now and it is just a matter of them doing a few things here and there and then we have it out there.Martin: Good stuff, Chris. Thank you so much for your time and for sharing your insights and I wish you all the best for the next 18-19 years.Chris: Thank you Martin, you too.Martin: Thanks, awesome Chris. Have a great day.Chris: Ok, sweet.THANKS FOR LISTENING!Thanks so much for joining our 23rd podcast episode!Have some feedback you’d like to share ?  Leave  a note in the comment section below! If you enjoyed this episode, please  share  it using the social media buttons you see at the bottom of the post.Also,  please leave an honest review for The Cleverism Podcast on iTunes or on SoundCloud. Ratings and reviews  are  extremely  helpful  and greatly appreciated! They do matter in the rankings of the show, and we read each and every one of them.Special thanks  to Chris for joining me this week. Until  next time!

Essay on Automotive Energy Consumption - 2753 Words

Automotive Energy Consumption In the United States, the automobile has come to be more than simply a means of transportation, but also a status symbol and a symbol of autonomy. As a status symbol, automobiles have gotten larger and more expensive, with little or no regard for efficiency or environmental impact. With the proliferation of the Sport Utility Vehicle (SUV), the average fuel efficiency of cars in the United States has begun to fall from a peak over a decade ago. With technological and material advances made in the last decade, it seems counterintuitive that average fuel economy had begun to decline. In order to understand the advances made in internal combustion engine technology, one must have a basic understanding of†¦show more content†¦As plant and animal matter decays, fossil fuels are formed from the intense pressure placed on them and from the earth’s geothermal energy. As a result, fossil fuels are a resource that can’t be replenished at the same rate they are consum ed. Petroleum products are derived from one group of fossil fuels known as hydrocarbons. There is no definitive quantity of hydrocarbon resources left in the world today, but most estimates are not very optimistic. Given the current rate of fossil fuel consumption and the current rate of increase of consumption, some estimates place the usable life of fossil fuel resources between 15 and 30 years. This leaves little doubt that changes must be made in transportation technology. Improvements to Fuel Efficiency Much technology has been developed in recent years to increase the fuel efficiency of automobiles. The integration of lightweight components into automobiles continues to increase efficiency. For example, the use of plastics, aluminum, magnesium, titanium, and carbon fiber, to name a few materials, has greatly reduced the overall weight of many vehicles. 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School Security Safe but Subtle Essay - 2064 Words

School Security: Safe but Subtle The most infamous and deadly act of violence to occur in a U.S. school were the events of April 20, 1999. In Littleton Colorado two teens went on a shooting and bombing spree that left 15 dead and 24 wounded before they shot and killed themselves. During the rampage, the two fired about 900 rounds of ammunition from two sawed off shotguns, a 9-mm semiautomatic carbine, and a semiautomatic handgun. Police also later found more than 30 bombs placed throughout the school (Brock, 2001). In light of recent acts of violence in the nation’s schools, school safety and security have become a hot topic. However, the issue of school safety goes beyond student violence. It includes property damage, theft,†¦show more content†¦Students who were interviewed after the Columbine shootings were more likely to report fear of harm or attack at school (6.3%) than those interviewed before the incident (4.8%) (U.S. Department of Education, 2002). However, most schools are safe places and in reality most kids are safer in school than they are outside of them. As Watson and Watson said in the preface of their book The School As a Safe Haven, â€Å"Most schools are safe-we know that-and we do not wish by writing this book to scare anyone and put false impressions in their heads (p.xiii).† Overall, the crime that does exist continues to drop to even smaller numbers. Between 1995 and 2001, the percentage of students who reported being victims of crime at school decreased from 10% to 6%. This included a decrease in theft (from 7% to 4%) and a decrease in violent victimization (from 3% to 2%) over the same time period (U.S. Department of Education, 2003). The 2000 Annual Report on School Safety released by the Department of Education and Justice found that â€Å"Violent deaths at school are extremely rare. Thirty-four violent deaths were reported in 1998-99, compared to the high of 49 deaths reported in 1995-96 (U.S. Department of Education and Justice, 2001, p. 7). These numbers are significant in pointing out that schools are a safe place for almost all kids and that security, while a concern, should not be the main priority of school administrators. Over the past few years, especially since theShow MoreRelatedHomeland Security Department and the Importance of Speaking in English686 Words   |  3 PagesHomeland security is a state agency that is entrusted with ensuring that the local population within the USA borders is all safe at all times and this includes adequate preparation for any emergency, safety of each member of the community during and after an emergency. The jurisdiction of the Homeland security is quite wide, ranging from border security, aviation safety, emergency response, cyber security as well as chemical facility safety among many others. There are a wide range of duties withinRead MoreLife1071 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Why Chicago Public Schools need more Protective Measures Against School Violence Paul Cotton Baker College Online Why Chicago Schools need more Protective Measures Against School Violence Gun violence and the right to carry weapons have been two topics of heated debate over the last decade. From the violent burglaries to school shootings, the need for protection increases. The solution to end or reduce violence is not an easy task. Should societyRead MoreA New Perspective Towards The Justice System1583 Words   |  7 Pageswas truly happening in society. Youths are being labeled and criminalized time and again because of authority figures not just in the streets but in schools. This relates to the youth control complex I learned through reading Victor Rio’s book Punished. 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La Misma Luna Review Free Essays

La Misma Luna review The first theme I think of when it comes to the movie La Misma Luna is big things come in small packages. Carlos is nine years old, yet he is determined to cross the Mexico border to find his mother. Most nine year olds are focusing on what picture they want to color next, not Carlos. We will write a custom essay sample on La Misma Luna Review or any similar topic only for you Order Now I felt really touched by what Carlos is trying to accomplish. Carlos comes across many obstacles on his journey to his mother. He eventually comes across Enrique, who turns into his travel buddy, and saves him numerous times. I really admire Enrique for all he did for Carlos. Although he wanted to leave Carlos many times, Enrique stayed by his side, keeping him from danger. I feel like I am most like Enrique for the fact of how he helps Carlos. I am always helping people, whether I get along with them, or even like them, I’m always there to help. I also relate to Enrique because of his determination. He is just like Carlos, determined to find his mother (Carlos’. ) Together they go through many struggles, sleeping on park benches, finding cheap easy jobs, barley making enough money to eat and sleep. But they will do whatever it takes to find her. I am determined like them when it comes to basketball. I am also willing to work as hard as I have to win, start, score, and play as much as I can. Enrique saved Carlos from danger numerous times. This brings me to my next theme, that you can do anything you put your mind to. When Carlos was working in the tomato factory, he almost got caught; and I was very frightened at this point. He didn’t think for a second he was going to get caught. He hid himself in crates of tomatoes and waited. All during the movie, whatever he puts his mind to, he does. The most obvious goal Carlos accomplished was finding his mother. He walked the streets of Los Angeles looking for the special corner, with the pizzeria, Laundromat, party store, and murals on sides of buildings. That is true determination. But this shows true courage of Enrique. He could have easily left Carlos behind, for him to get caught. But he didn’t and that is something to look up to. True friendship and courage is what makes this movie so special. Without Enrique staying beside Carlos, no matter how annoying he got the movie wouldn’t have been the same. Without Enrique, Carlos would probably have gotten kidnapped, or found by the police and sent back to Mexico. It’s true friendship for Enrique to throw his coffee at the police when they had a hold of Carlos. Carlos was then able to escape, but it was not the same for Enrique, and I have a feeling he knew that when he threw the cup. The significance of the title is that no matter the distance between Carlos and his mother, they were always close to each other. They are under the same moon no matter what. How to cite La Misma Luna Review, Papers

Luther Love Disscussion Essay Research Paper Eric free essay sample

Luther Love Disscussion Essay, Research Paper Eric Pacheco Love As Ethic and Idea Rewrite Paper 2 Spring April 2001 Throughout history and particularly since the 16th century many Roman Catholic # 8217 ; s like Martin Luther, have distinguished ordinary or # 8220 ; acquired # 8221 ; supplication, even if happening at a ace conceptual degree of love, worship, and desire for God, from the extraordinary or # 8220 ; absorbed # 8221 ; contemplation which is wholly the work of God # 8217 ; s particular grace. Merely the latter is mystical in a rigorous sense, harmonizing to this position. Other authors, such as Bonaventure, can use the footings of mysticism to all Communions with God. Martin Luther, a fifteen-century monastic, inquiries all that is caritas though three runs. The first run Luther uses attacks the heavenly ladder. The celestial ladder becomes questionable to Luther. Martin Luther believes if there was such a ladder so it would be God in all his flawlessness coming to us, and non the other manner around. We will write a custom essay sample on Luther Love Disscussion Essay Research Paper Eric or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page We can non merely mount up to God in heaven by human actions entirely. The 2nd run Luther uses attacks the # 8220 ; expression fides caritate formata # 8221 ; ( besides known as religion formed by caritas ) . Martin Luther refuses the thought of indulgences, which spare you from purgatory. In other words Luther can non accept paying for absolution. As if God can be bribed to mount the fictional ladder used in the first run. The 3rd and concluding run ( I will advert ) Luther uses attacks the amour propre of caritas. Martin Luther argues that amour propre is inherently bad. This ego love is the ultimate look of wickedness, in the Luther # 8217 ; s sentiment one should # 8220 ; love thy neighbour # 8221 ; alternatively of yourself. This self-love Page 2 carries the thought of selfishness. God should be the lone 1 to through you, love you and others. Luther discusses Torahs for the Reformation of caritas. One must first # 8220 ; Hammer, # 8221 ; which means to breakdown our amour propre. The 2nd Torahs that Martin Luther discusses Is # 8220 ; Mirror, # 8221 ; which reveals our ego to our wickedness. Luther suggests that though grace one can come in the Kingdom of Heaven. While Luther had a well-known aversion to mystics, it is besides true that there is the foundation of mystical life in his divinity of the bosom, peculiarly in his early idea. Possibly through mysticism on can derive grace to stand with God. Bonaventure emphasized the entire dependance of all things upon God, and he wrote ushers to mysterious contemplation. There are certain common false beliefs current about mysticism: that mystics are non # 8220 ; practical # 8221 ; and that they are radical. On the contrary, many of the greatest mystics have been both intensely active every bit good as submissive to authorization of whatever kind. Mysticism does non advance lone thought. Nor is the # 8220 ; lone mind # 8221 ; needfully, or even normally, a mysterious. Mysticism chiefly states that God is all around us in nature in and in us. There is no demand for a church and system to be near with God or to be one with him. There are two general inclinations in the guess of mystics # 8212 ; to see God as outside the psyche, which rises to its God by consecutive phases, or to see God as brooding within the psyche and to be found by diging deeper into one # 8217 ; s ain world. The thought of transcendency, as held most steadfastly by mystics, is the meat of the ancient mystical Page 3 system, Neoplatonism, and of Gnosticism. Their account of the connexion between God and worlds by emanation is epochal in the doctrine of contemplation. In the field linguistic communication of antique divinity # 8220 ; adult male # 8217 ; s wickedness is stamped upon adult male # 8217 ; s universe. # 8221 ; One can see a false universe because we live a assumed life. Harmonizing to mysticism the mean people do non cognize themselves ; therefore do non cognize the true character of their senses and inherent aptitudes ; therefore property incorrect values to their suggestions and declarations refering our relation to the universe. This limpid apprehensiveness of the True is what mysticism means when it speak of the Illumination, which consequences from a faithful credence of the tests of the Purgative Way. That which we call the â€Å"natural† ego as it exists in the â€Å"natural† world–the † Adam† of St. Paul–is entirely incapable of super-sensual escapade. All its activities are grouped about a centre of consciousness whose correspondences are with the material universe. In the minute of its waking up, it is suddenly made aware of this disablement. It knows itself finite. It now aspires to the space. It is encased in the difficult crust of individualism: it aspires to brotherhood with a larger ego. It is fettered: it longs for freedom. Its every sense is attuned to semblance: it craves for harmoniousness with the Absolute Truth. Some believe that God is the lone Reality and a homo is existent merely every bit far as it is in His order, and He is in this individual. As stated before God with Luther, God loves through you. Whatever form the mystical escapade may take it, must get down w ith a alteration in the attitude of the topic ; a alteration which will present it into the order of Reality, and enable it to put up lasting dealingss with an Object which is non usually portion of its existence. Therefore, though the terminal of mysticism is non adequately Page 4 defined as goodness, it entails the skill of goodness. The virtuousnesss are the # 8220 ; decorations of the religious matrimony # 8221 ; because that matrimony is brotherhood with the Good no less than with the Beautiful and the True. Primarily, so, the ego must be purged of all that stands between it and goodness of God: seting on the character of world alternatively of the character of semblance or # 8220 ; sin. # 8221 ; It longs ardently to make this from the first minute in which it sees itself in the all-revealing glow of the Noncreated Light. Purgatory is devoted to the cleaning of pride and the production of humbleness: the inevitable # 8211 ; one might about state mechanical # 8211 ; consequence of a vision, nevertheless fugitive, of Reality, and an undistorted sight of the earthbound ego. All its life that ego has been mensurating it # 8217 ; s candle flame by other tapers. Now for the first clip it is out in the unfastened air and sees the Sun. More recent theological apprehensions of mystical divinity define features less exactly and seek to suit mystical divinity more centrally into a heavenly and soterio-logical model. Catholic theologists have sought to turn up mystical divinity in a biblical and liturgical context, stressing the truster # 8217 ; s engagement in the enigma of God # 8217 ; s rapprochement with his animals in Christ, particularly in the sacraments. Many efforts have been made to depict the cardinal features of mystical experience. Traditionally it has been asserted that the experiential brotherhood of animal and Creator is unexpressible and indefinable, although those who have experienced it seek imagination and metaphors to depict it, nevertheless amiss. As celebrated above, it is experienced brotherhood or vision, non abstract cognition. It is beyond Page 5 the degree of constructs, for concluding, thoughts, and centripetal images have been transcended ( but non rejected ) in an intuitive brotherhood. Therefore it is ace rational and ace intellectual, non antirational or anti # 8211 ; rational. In one sense the psyche is inactive, because it experiences God # 8217 ; s grace poured into it. Yet the brotherhood is non symbiotic, because the psyche consents to and embraces the religious matrimony. Although some writers besides stress the transient and fugitive nature of mystical brotherhood, others describe it as enduring for a definite, even drawn-out period of clip. Mysticism can be used with Luther # 8217 ; s statements based on grace as stated earlier. As stated before grace, described by Luther, can be created by populating the # 8220 ; moral life. # 8221 ; Both Luther and Mysticism province God as the true love and the Human organic structure is merely a vas. Grace is a gift from God and can non be gained by human demand. The life God can non be reduced to a system made by church. To derive grace merely for the purpose of acquiring God # 8217 ; s attending is selfish. Both Luther and Mysticism agree that one must believe in God though indoors oneself.

7 Vehicular Violations of Proper English

7 Vehicular Violations of Proper English 7 Vehicular Violations of Proper English 7 Vehicular Violations of Proper English By Mark Nichol Advertising in the form of signage printed on vehicles is a road hazard when exasperating errors and extraneous elements in the mobile messaging distract motorists. Here are photographs of seven moving violations, with commentary. The motto painted on this truck not only commits a quintuple-overkill foul but also is flatly incorrect. The worst infraction, beyond the extraneous quotation marks framing the message, appears to be the placement for emphasis of an additional set of quotation marks around only. (If one wishes to employ one set of quotation marks inside another, the interior ones in American English, at least should be single; in British English, the order is reversed. But here, neither set is necessary.) But that’s still not enough the word is also placed at a jaunty, pseudo-italicized angle, underlined, and printed in a different font and color than the rest of the slogan. Just one or two forms of accentuation would have been sufficient. The worst error, however, is that the company is not the â€Å"only† overhead-door professional (note the insertion of a missing hyphen in the previous phrase); it may be the sole provider of overhead-door services in its home city, but then the motto should close with â€Å"in town.† But why not simply say, without quotation marks or any other emphasis, â€Å"Our overhead-door service rises above the rest!† Was that motto already taken? This sign sports merely mild mistakes, but they’re insistently irritating, like a small burr in one’s sock. Note the extra letter spaces between the (unnecessary) open and close quotation marks bracketing â€Å"We’re Affordable.† The hyphen in â€Å"Clean-Outs† (which should be â€Å"Cleanouts†) also hangs in midair, as do the hyphens separating the elements of the phone number. There is so much wrong with this superficially satisfying vehicle signage. First, too many fonts compete with each other. Then, the letters in the slogan â€Å"Quality Is Our Main Ingredient† are too widely spread, while those in the next line are too compact and then the elements of the phone number are nearly segregated into different time zones. The middle word in the phrase after Flik, strictly speaking, shouldn’t start with an uppercase letter; of is one of the â€Å"little words† that doesn’t merit capitalization in display type. (However, capitalizing it is a defensible style choice.) But the inexcusable error is the misspelling of member. Nobody at the sign shop and nobody at the client company noticed that? Really? Busy, busy, busy. Too many colors, too many fonts, too many words. The key crime, however, is the common error of mistakenly styling a plural construction as if it were a plural one. This sign implies that love flowers belong to Mom. The message, however, should read, â€Å"Moms Love Flowers.† No job is too small, but sometimes words are to should be too. This asininely assertive window panel proves that everyone has the right to appear stupid, too. The oddly inconsistent swelling treatment of the letters in each line notice how the characters in the lines beginning with everyone and to grow and recede in size from left to right, but the words in the third and fourth lines are uniformly sized might distract viewers from the unfortunate fact that but is amusingly misspelled and the wrong spelling of you’re is employed. Write English correctly, or . . . . This fortunately ephemeral expression is head-slappingly hilarious. One hopes (and presumes) that the â€Å"sineor† girl who sprayed this signage a couple of years ago assuming she graduated is not employed in the wordsmithing world. These images are from the websites Apostrophe Abuse, English Fail Blog, Funnies.com, The Great Typo Hunt, and The â€Å"Blog† of â€Å"Unnecessary† Quotation Marks. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:7 Examples of Passive Voice (And How To Fix Them)Telling a Good Poem from a Bad One50 Musical Terms Used in Nonmusical Senses

The Assassination of Beatles Legend John Lennon

The Assassination of Beatles Legend John Lennon John Lennon - a founding member of the Beatles, and one of the most beloved and famous music legends of all time - died on December 8, 1980, after being shot four times by a crazed fan in the carriageway of his New York City apartment building. Many of the events that led to his tragic and untimely death remain unclear and decades after his murder, people still struggle to understand what motivated his killer, 25-year-old Mark David Chapman, to pull the trigger on that fateful night.   Lennon in the 1970s The Beatles were arguably the most successful and influential group of the 1960s, perhaps of all time. Nevertheless, after spending a decade at the top of the charts, producing hit after hit, the band called it quits in 1970, and all four of its members – John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison, and Ringo Starr moved on to launch solo careers. Throughout the early ‘70s, Lennon recorded several albums and produced hits like the instant classic Imagine. He had moved permanently to New York City with his wife Yoko Ono and taken up residence at the Dakota, a fancy, old apartment building located at the northwest corner of 72nd Street and Central Park West. The Dakota was known for housing many celebrities. By the mid-1970s, however, Lennon had given up music. And though he claimed he did so to become a stay-at-home dad to his newborn son, Sean, many of his fans, as well as the media, speculated the singer might have sunk into a creative slump. Several articles published during this period painted the former Beatle as a recluse and a has-been, who seemed more interested in managing his millions and holing up in his decadent New York apartment than in writing songs. One of these articles, published in Esquire in 1980, would prompt a pudgy, disturbed young man from Hawaii, to travel to New York City and commit murder. Mark David Chapman: From Drugs to Jesus Mark David Chapman was born in Fort Worth, Texas on May 10, 1955, but lived in Decatur, Georgia from the age of seven. Mark’s dad, David Chapman, was in the Air Force, and his mom, Diane Chapman, was a nurse. A sister was born seven years after Mark. From the outside, the Chapmans looked like a typical American family; however, inside, there was trouble. Mark’s dad, David, was an emotionally distant man, not showing his emotions even to his son.   Worse, David would often hit Diane. Mark could often hear his mom screaming, but was unable to stop his dad.   In school, Mark, who was a bit pudgy and not good at sports, was picked on and called names. All these feelings of helplessness led to Mark having strange fantasies, starting very early on in his childhood. By the age of 10, he was imagining and interacting with an entire civilization of tiny people he believed lived inside the walls of his bedroom. He would have imaginary interactions with these little people and later came to see them as his subjects and himself as their king. This fantasy continued until Chapman was 25, the same year he gunned down John Lennon. Chapman managed to keep such strange tendencies to himself, however, and seemed like a normal youngster to those who knew him. Like many who grew up in the 1960s, Chapman was swept up in the spirit of the times and by age 14, was even using heavy drugs like LSD on a regular basis. At age 17, however, Chapman suddenly proclaimed himself a born-again Christian. He renounced drugs and the hippie lifestyle and began attending prayer meetings and going to religious retreats.   Many of his friends at the time claimed the change came so suddenly they saw it as a type of personality split.    Soon after, Chapman became a counselor at the YMCA- a job he relished with fervent devotion- and would remain there into his twenties. He was highly popular with the kids in his care; he dreamed of becoming a YMCA director and working abroad as a Christian missionary. Problems Despite his successes, Chapman was undisciplined and lacking in ambition. He briefly attended community college in Decatur but soon dropped out due to the pressures of academic work. He subsequently traveled to Beirut, Lebanon as a YMCA counselor, only to be forced to leave when war broke out in that country. And after a brief stint at a camp for Vietnamese refugees in Arkansas, Chapman decided to give school another try. In 1976, Chapman enrolled at a religious college under the encouragement of his girlfriend, Jessica Blankenship, who was very devout and whom he had known since the second grade. However, he lasted only one semester before dropping out once more. Chapman’s failures at school caused his personality to undergo yet another drastic change. He began to question his purpose in life and his devotion to his faith.   His changing moods also put a strain on his relationship with Jessica  and they broke up soon after. Chapman became increasingly despondent about these events in his life. He saw himself as a failure at everything he tried and frequently spoke of suicide. His friends were concerned for him, but could never have anticipated what this shift in Chapman’s temperament portended. Down a Dark Path Chapman was looking for a change and at the encouragement of his friend Dana Reeves- an aspiring policeman- decided to take shooting lessons and obtain a license to carry firearms. Soon after, Reeves managed to find Chapman a job as a security guard. But Chapman’s dark moods continued. He decided he needed to change his surroundings and moved to Hawaii in 1977, where he did attempt suicide but failed, ending up at a psychiatric facility. After two weeks as an outpatient there, he obtained a job in the hospital’s print shop and even volunteered on occasion in the psych ward. On a whim, Chapman decided to take a trip around the world. He fell in love with Gloria Abe, the travel agent who helped book his round-the-world trip. The two frequently corresponded through letters and upon returning to Hawaii, Chapman asked Abe to become his wife. The couple married in the summer of 1979. Although Chapman’s life seemed to be improving, his downward spiral continued and his increasingly erratic behavior concerned his new wife. Abe claimed Chapman began drinking heavily, was abusive towards her and would frequently make threatening phone calls to complete strangers. His temper was short and he was prone to violent outbursts and would engage in screaming matches with his coworkers. Abe also noticed Chapman became increasingly obsessed with JD Salinger’s seminal 1951 novel The Catcher in the Rye. The Catcher in the Rye It is unclear when exactly Chapman discovered Salinger’s novel, The Catcher in the Rye, but one thing is for certain, by the late ‘70s it was beginning to have a profound effect on him. He identified deeply with the book’s protagonist, Holden Caulfield, an adolescent who railed against the seeming phoniness of the adults around him. In the book, Caulfield identified with children and saw himself as their savior from adulthood. Chapman came to see himself as a real-life Holden Caulfield. He even told his wife he wanted to change his name to Holden Caulfield and would rage about the phoniness of people and of celebrities in particular. Hatred of John Lennon In October of 1980, Esquire magazine published a profile on John Lennon, which portrayed the former Beatle as a drug-addled millionaire recluse who had lost touch with his fans and his music. Chapman read the article with increasing anger and came to see Lennon as the ultimate hypocrite and a â€Å"phony† of the very type described in Salinger’s novel. He began reading everything he could about John Lennon, even making tapes of Beatles’ songs, which he would play over and over for his wife, changing the tapes’ speed and direction. He would listen to them while sitting nude in the dark, chanting, â€Å"John Lennon, I’m going to kill you, you phony bastard!† When Chapman discovered Lennon was planning to release a new album- his first in five years- his mind was made up. He would fly to New York City and shoot the singer. Preparing for the Assassination Chapman quit his job and bought a .38-caliber revolver from a gun shop in Honolulu. He then bought a one-way ticket to New York, told his wife goodbye, and departed, arriving in New York City on October 30, 1980. Chapman checked into the Waldorf Astoria, the same hotel Holden Caulfield stayed at in The Catcher in the Rye, and set about seeing some sights. He frequently stopped at the Dakota to ask the doormen there about John Lennon’s whereabouts, without luck. The employees at the Dakota were used to fans asking such questions and generally refused to divulge any information about the various celebrities who resided in the building. Chapman had brought his revolver to New York but figured he would buy bullets once he arrived. He now learned only residents of the city could legally purchase bullets there. Chapman thus flew down to his former home in Georgia for the weekend, where his old buddy Dana Reeves- by now a sheriff’s deputy- could help him procure what he needed.    Chapman told Reeves he had been staying in New York, was concerned for his safety, and needed five hollow-nosed bullets, known for causing immense damage to their target. Now armed with gun and bullets, Chapman returned to New York; however, after all this time, Chapman’s resolve had diminished. He later claimed that he had a type of religious experience that convinced him what he was planning was wrong. He called his wife and told her, for the first time, what he had planned to do. Gloria Abe was frightened by Chapman’s confession. However, she did not call the police but simply implored her husband to return home to Hawaii. He did so on Nov. 12. Chapman’s change of heart did not last long. His strange behavior continued and on Dec. 5, 1980, he once again departed for New York. This time, he would not be back. Second Trip to New York Upon his second trip to New York, Chapman checked into a local YMCA, because it was cheaper than a regular hotel room. However, he was not comfortable there and checked into the Sheraton Hotel on December 7. He made daily trips to the Dakota building, where he befriended several other John Lennon fans, as well as the building’s doorman, Jose Perdomo, whom he would pepper with questions about Lennon’s whereabouts. At the Dakota, Chapman also befriended an amateur photographer from New Jersey named Paul Goresh, who was a regular at the building and well known to the Lennons. Goresh chatted with Chapman and would later comment how little Chapman seemed to know about John Lennon and the Beatles, considering he had claimed to be such an avid fan. Chapman would visit the Dakota regularly over the next two days, hoping each time to run into Lennon and commit his crime. Dec. 8, 1980 On the morning of Dec. 8, Chapman dressed warmly. Before leaving his room he carefully arranged some of his most treasured belongings on a table. Among these items was a copy of the New Testament in which he had written the name â€Å"Holden Caulfield† as well as the name â€Å"Lennon† after the words â€Å"Gospel According to John.†Ã‚   He arranged the items for maximum effect, expecting the police to come looking through his room after his arrest. After leaving the hotel, he bought a fresh copy of The Catcher in the Rye and wrote the words â€Å"This is my statement† on its title page. Chapman’s plan had been to say nothing to police after the shooting, but to simply hand them a copy of the book by way of explaining his actions. Carrying the book and a copy of Lennon’s latest album Double Fantasy, Chapman then made his way to the Dakota where he stood chatting with Paul Goresh. At one point, a Lennon associate, Helen Seaman, arrived with Lennon’s five-year-old son Sean in tow. Goresh introduced Chapman to them as a fan who had come all the way from Hawaii. Chapman seemed elated and gushed about how cute the boy was. John Lennon, meanwhile, was having a busy day inside the Dakota. After posing with Yoko Ono for famous photographer Annie Leibovitz, Lennon got a haircut and gave his last ever interview, which was to Dave Sholin, a DJ from San Francisco. By 5 p.m. Lennon realized he was running late and needed to get over to the recording studio. Sholin offered the Lennons a ride in his limo since their own car had not yet arrived. Upon exiting the Dakota, Lennon was met by Paul Goresh, who introduced him to Chapman. Chapman handed over his copy of Double Fantasy for Lennon to sign. The star took the album, scribbled his signature, and handed it back.   The moment was captured by Paul Goresh and the resulting photograph- one of the last ever taken of John Lennon- shows a profile of the Beatle as he signs Chapman’s album, with the killer’s shadowy, deadpan face looming in the background. With that, Lennon entered the limo and headed for the studio. It is unclear why Chapman did not take that opportunity to kill John Lennon. He later recalled he was waging an inner battle. However, his obsession with killing Lennon did not abate. Shooting John Lennon Despite Chapman’s inner misgivings, the urge to shoot the singer was too overwhelming.   Chapman remained at the Dakota well after Lennon and most of the fans had left, waiting for the Beatle to return.    The limo carrying Lennon and Yoko Ono arrived back at the Dakota around 10:50 p.m. Yoko exited the vehicle first, followed by John. Chapman greeted Ono with a simple â€Å"Hello† as she passed. As Lennon passed him, Chapman heard a voice inside his head urging him on: â€Å"Do it! Do it! Do it!† Chapman stepped into the carriageway of the Dakota, dropped to his knees, and fired two shots into John Lennon’s back. Lennon reeled. Chapman then pulled the trigger three more times. Two of those bullets landed in Lennon’s shoulder. The third went astray. Lennon managed to run into the Dakota’s lobby and clamber up the few steps leading to the building’s office, where he finally collapsed. Yoko Ono followed Lennon inside, screaming he’d been shot. The Dakota’s night man thought it was all a joke until he saw the blood pouring from Lennon’s mouth and chest. The night man promptly called 911 and covered Lennon with his uniform jacket. John Lennon Dies When the police arrived, they found Chapman sitting beneath the gate’s lantern calmly reading Catcher in the Rye. The killer made no attempt to escape and repeatedly apologized to the officers for the trouble he had caused. They promptly handcuffed Chapman and placed him in a nearby patrol car. The officers did not know the victim was the famous John Lennon. They simply determined his wounds were too serious to wait for an ambulance. They placed Lennon in the backseat of one of their patrol cars and drove him to the emergency room at Roosevelt Hospital. Lennon was still alive but barely able to respond to the officers’ questions. The hospital was made aware of Lennon’s arrival and had a trauma team at the ready. They worked diligently to save Lennon’s life, but to no avail. Two of the bullets had pierced his lungs, while a third had hit his shoulder and then ricocheted inside his chest where it had damaged the aorta and cut his windpipe. John Lennon died at 11:07 pm on the night of December 8, due to massive internal hemorrhaging. Aftermath The news of Lennon’s death broke during ABC’s televised Monday night football game when sportscaster Howard Cosell announced the tragedy in the middle of a play. Soon after, fans from all over the city arrived at the Dakota, where they held vigil for the slain singer. As the news spread around the world, the public was shocked. It seemed a brutal, bloody end to the ‘60s. Mark David Chapman’s trial was short, as he had pled guilty to second-degree murder, claiming God had told him to do so.  When asked at his sentencing if he wanted to make a final statement, Chapman stood up and read a passage from Catcher in the Rye. The judge sentenced him to 20-years-to-life and Chapman remains imprisoned to this day, having lost several appeals for his parole.

Can teachers support creativity and imagination in children Essay

Can teachers support creativity and imagination in children - Essay Example Therefore, teachers play a huge role in moulding the personality and character of the child and hence make substantial contributions in encouraging imagination and creativity in a child. Though, the substance of this prose will examine as to how teachers can spur creativity and imagination young children. Creativity is a highly important aspect of a child’s educational endeavours because through creativity the child helps to identify himself as a unique person and is conducive to a healthy personality development of the child. Creativity is the process of innovating and focuses on how people use new methods and ideas in order to find alternative and fresh solutions to a particular problem. The United Kingdom National Advisory Committee’s report in 1999 focuses a great deal on the importance of creativity. (Morris, 2006) The report describes and defines creativity as, â€Å"First, they (the characteristics of creativity) always involve thinking or behaving imaginatively . Second, overall this imaginative activity is purposeful: that is, it is directed to achieving an objective. Third, these processes must generate something original. Fourth, the outcome must be of value in relation to the objective.† Their definition of creativity clearly demonstrates the strong association with the imaginative and creative process within a child. (Morris, 2006) In simplistic terms, creativity embodies imagination, purposefulness, originality and the outcome must be of immense value and opens up the world to new opportunities and experiences. It is important to know the role of creativity in the society that focuses so much on creativity therefore, the process of learning greatly involves the child thinking in a lateral manner. Creativity is good for the child’s self-image and his identity so that he knows how to set himself apart from the crowd and make his own mark in this dynamic world. Creativity and imagination has become a highly important aspect in the educational sector and there are number of programs that are designed to help teachers out in order to encourage their students to become more creative and imaginative. The United States creative classroom is another example of how people from all around the world understand the need for the child to be creative and imaginative. The project was developed by Project Zero in collaboration with Disney Worldwide Outreach and together they worked to develop materials and a variety of methods to help the child become more creative. Their main objective was not only to help the teachers understand the importance of spurring creativity and imagination in the child. (Mayer, 2005) The American project further added to the definition of creativity given by UK National Advisory Committee report, they stated, â€Å"Although most people might look for signs of creativity in the appearance of the bulletin boards, student made projects, centres and displays in the classroom, I feel the tru ly creative classroom goes way beyond what can be seen with the eyes. It is a place where bodies and minds actively pursue new knowledge. Having a creative classroom means that the teacher takes risks on a daily basis and encourages his/her students to do the same.†

The Law of Torts, Product and Service Liability Law Assignment

The Law of Torts, Product and Service Liability Law - Assignment Example Against this background, this essay seeks to critically analyse the cases of Haimes v Temple University Hospital [1981] and the Vandevender v Sheetz, INC [1998]. Based on the law of torts and product and service liability laws, the essay seeks to compare and contrast the facts, law, and merits of the two lawsuits. The paper will also evaluate aspects related to the facts, issues, judgment, as well as ethical issue related to the two cases. A summary of the main points discussed will be given at the end of the essay. In the case of Haimes v. Temple University Hospital [1981] it can be noted that much of the plaintiff's testimony concerned her psychic activities and her inability to practice these activities following the CT scan. To read an aura, according to plaintiff, it is necessary to go into an altered state, a state of deep concentration. She complains that her psychic activities have been negatively impacted and she can no longer perform the tasks she used to do. It can be seen that this affected the occupation of the plaintiff and this is the reason why she got a favourable judgement. The jury gave the verdict in the amount of $600Â  000 which included Dr. Haimes loss of a consortium. In view of the Pennsylvania Rule of Civil Procedure 238, the verdict was molded to include delay damages of $386,465.75 and this brought the total award to $986,465.75. However, the motion for a new trial of the hospital and the doctor was granted given that the verdict was considered as grossly excessive as to shock the court’s sense of justice. In the case of Vandevender v Sheetz, INC [1997], the employee sustained a back injury at work and she was not permitted to return to work by the employer as a result of specific restrictions. She then appealed and punitive damages were awarded as a result of the unlawful termination of her employment. However, the punitive damages were found to be excessive since they did not corroborate with the actual harm as well as term ination of employment suffered by the plaintiff. A closer analysis of the case shows that the appellee was treated badly by the appellant, and that the appellant should have to pay her a fair amount of damages. In this case, the appelle was awarded $ 293,866.00 in compensatory and noneconomic damages for missing essentially four weeks of work as well as other related ill-treatment she received. However, an award of $ 2,232,740 is considered as too much. From the above cases, it can be noted that in order to prove the existence of day care duty, some conditions should prevail where a defendant can be taken to court if this duty is breached. Thus, the case of Capiro Industries vs. Dickman (1990), suggests that the following conditions should prevail in order for the plaintiff to win the case and these include: foreseeability, proximity as well as reasonability. Terry & Giugni (2009) concurs with this notion when he says that the following elements should be proved by the plaintiff in order to be successful in winning the claim. There is need to show that the defendant owed the plaintiff a duty of care, this duty has been breached by falling below expected standards, the defendant’s conduct caused the plaintiff to suffer physical or economic harm (causation) and the injury suffered was remote or foreseeable. However, it is not always easy to prove that the

Scarlet Letter - Pearl as a symbol Essays -- English Literature Essays

Scarlet Letter - Pearl as a symbol Pearl is a symbol of Hester’s transgressions and even has similar qualities as the sin which she represents. Pearl’s life and behavior directly reflects the unacceptable and abnormal nature of Hester’s adulterous sin. Hester is plagued with more than just a letter â€Å"A†; she is given a child from her affair who is just as much a reminder of her sin as the scarlet letter. Ultimately Hester overcomes the shame associated the scarlet letter and creates a sense of family for herself and Pearl. This relationship is integral to the theme of this novel and the development of its characters. Pearls behavior could be described as abnormal, disrespectful, undignified, or altogether opposite of most Puritan customs. â€Å"The child could not be made amenable to rules† (p42); she will not conform to the Puritan view of what a child should be like. Pearl’s enduring disobedience is representative of Hester’s disobedient act. Pearl should be constant reminder of personal sin to everyone that meets her; however, as it would be, she only reminds others of Hester’s sin. Around strangers, and at certain times at home, this poor child becomes merely an â€Å"unpremeditated offshoot of a passionate moment." (p52) Pearl may be Hester’s only hope of a â€Å"successful† life after she is convicted of adultery. "' I will not lose the child! '" Pearl says, "'†¦thou knowest what is in my heart, and what are a mother's rights, and how much the stronger they are, when that mot...

Collecting Theories About Motivation And Attitudes Education Essay

In this survey, the research worker discoveries and collects theories about motive and attitudes from many beginnings such as libraries, text editions, alumnus research, theses, Thai and foreign web sites, and diaries. They can be categorized into five classs as follows: 2.1 Background and principle of the Thai topic 2.2 Theory of Motivation 2.3 Theory of Attitude 2.4 Some jobs about larning and learning Thai as L1 2.5 Related research2.1 Background and principle of the Thai topicRattana Lucharit ( 2546 ) indicates that the Thai topic began in the Sukhothai period. It was one of four parts of the instruction system ; larning about ethical motives and virtuousness, larning about physical instruction ( for males merely ) , larning about house-work ( for females ) ; and larning about general cognition. ( some foreign linguistic communications and besides Thai ) The old manner of Thai linguistic communication instruction is non standardized. Even standard text editions were non provided for pupils as learning media. Teachers would make textbooks themselves. In the Ayutthaya period, King Narai the Great realized the importance of instruction. He ordered Pra-Horatibodee to compose the first Thai text edition called â€Å" Jin Da Ma Nee † . This text edition was used for larning Thai. Students started with reading pattern, retrieving concluding consonants, and significance of words until they can compose a verse form by themselves. As this text edition brought troubles to pupils in acquisition ; Jin Da Ma Nee was merely used from the Ayutthaya period until the early Rattanakosin period. Suriya Rattanakul ( 2540: 11 ) provinces that ‘Jin Da Ma Nee ‘ is the oldest Thai text edition of Thailand. After that, many Thai text editions were written to learn Tai pupils. Nowadays, the Thai topic is besides portion of the course of study of the Ministry of Education. Rattana Lucharit ( 2546: 184 ) provinces that the aims of Thai acquisition and instruction are as follows: – To develop Thai linguistic communication in four accomplishments ; listening, speech production, reading and authorship. – To understand the rudimentss of the Thai linguistic communication. – To utilize the Thai linguistic communication for listening and pass oning accurately. – To utilize the Thai linguistic communication suitably. – To carry Thai pupils about reading wonts. – To utilize the Thai linguistic communication for doing determinations. – To obtain a good attitude towards the Thai linguistic communication and Thai literature larning in the context of Thai civilization. Recently, The Ministry of Education realized the importance of the Thai topic, so it announced the Development of Quality in Thai Teaching and Thai Using Scheme. Janjira Parethongkam ( 2549: 342 ) provinces that there are seven policies as follows: – To develop Thai instruction and acquisition in schools so pupils can to the full larn, both Thai linguistic communication and Thai literature. Furthermore, pupils have good reading/writing wonts, researching new cognition and bettering wisdom that correlates with Thai society and Thai civilization. – To back up and develop Thai instructors, other staffs, and decision makers recognizing the importance of the Thai topic and besides being a good theoretical account for pupils in utilizing Thai linguistic communication accurately. Consequently, Thai instructors should frequently larn new learning methods. – The Institute of Thai Teachers ‘ Production chooses people who would wish to construct their calling as Thai instructors, and supports them to go specializer in the Thai linguistic communication. Consequently, they will go a qualified Thai instructor in the hereafter. – To develop Thai learning AIDSs and other learning media used to assist pupils in their acquisition procedure. Enough instruction AIDSs and media should be widely distributed and their monetary value should be reduced so that more schools will be able to afford teaching resources. – To back up schoolroom research, Thai instruction and learning invention for planing good-quality instruction and acquisition. – To give people an chance to larning the Thai linguistic communication and utilize the Thai linguistic communication accurately. – To collaborate with every parts of society to back up pupils and Thai people. There are four aims as follows: To develop pupils knowledge of Thai. To develop the cognition of Thai instructors. To do instructors recognize the importance of the Thai linguistic communication. To raise their concern in sustainable development of instruction and larning Thai. All of the inside informations above illustrate the importance of the Thai linguistic communication. Furthermore, the Ministry of Education continually develops the Thai topic by denoting new strategies sing Thai instruction. In contrast, larning and learning Thai in the course of study and in the schoolroom does non follow the strategy. This might be because Thai instructors, pupils or other decision makers do non recognize the of import of our first linguistic communication plenty. To study pupils ‘ motive and attitudes towards the Thai topic is the first measure to develop the Thai capable course of study in the hereafter. If this survey can place what are factors act uponing motive and attitudes towards the Thai topic, Thai instructors will so be able to use the research consequences to better their instruction methods.2.2 Theory of MotivationSing the theory of motive, there are some issues refering motive and larning motive that stated as follows: The definitions of motive. Learning motive. Understanding human motive. Promoting academic motive.The definitions of motiveMany psychologists and faculty members gave their definitions of motive as follows: McClelland, Atkinson, Clark, and Lowell ( 1953:28ff cited in Russell, William and Robert, 1984:243 ) say motive may be defined as the â€Å" ruddy integrating of a alteration in affect by a cue. † Jones ( 1955: seven cited in Weiner, 1992:2 ) say motive has to make with why behavior gets started, is energized, is sustained, is directed, is stopped, and what sort of subjective reaction is presented in the being when all this is traveling on. Young ( 1961: 24 cited in Weiner, 1992:1 ) defines the survey of motive loosely as a research for determiners ( all determiners ) of homo and animate being activity. Frymier ( 1974:6 ) indicates that motive is related to adult male ‘s interior urges and is closely associated with his values. Motivation gives way and strength to adult male ‘s behaviour. It significantly affects his abilities and his accomplishment. Buck ( 1976:5 ) says that traditionally, motive has been defined as the control of behaviour ; that is, the procedure by which behaviour is activated and directed toward some definable end. The specific nature of the control varies widely harmonizing to the behaviour. Thus the control mechanisms involved in simple physiological reactions, in feeding and imbibing, in fond regard and aggression, and in wonder and geographic expedition, are rather different from one another. Gardner ( 1985:10 ) says that motive refers to the combination of attempt plus desire to accomplish the end of larning the linguistic communication plus favorable attitudes toward larning the linguistic communication. William ( 1988:1 ) negotiations about motive in larning that it is a moment-to-moment procedure that must be recognized as such. New penetrations and thoughts that assist instructors in actuating pupils to larn must be continually available, because the ultimate day-to-day duty for pupil motive rests with them. Teachers and school decision makers must consciously endeavor to supply an heightening environment while assisting each pupil learns how to win academically. Weiner ( 1992:1 ) gives his sentiment that the most across-the-board definition of motive is concern about why human and subhuman beings think and behave as they do. In decision, the construct of motive is about a mental province or feeling that affects human behaviour. It is what we use when we describe the forces moving on or within an being to originate and direct behaviour. The construct of motive is besides used to explicate differences in the strength of behaviour. More intense behaviours are considered to be the consequence of higher degrees of motive. Additionally, we frequently use the construct of motive to bespeak the way of behaviour. As for this survey, William ‘s construct of motive in acquisition is used for determine pupils ‘ larning motive.Learning MotivationLearning motive is based on the thought as Gardner ( 1985: 10 ) mentioned that â€Å" the extent to which the person works or strives to larn the linguistic communication because of a desire to make so and the satisfaction experienced in this activity † . There are many positions about motive in larning. William ( 1988:2 ) references that â€Å" one time y ou motivate a pupil, that pupil is set for life † . In the same manner, one time any given pupil has been motivated to make something, he/she would maintain making that thing for the remainder of their life. Motivation is a daily and moment-to-moment committedness. It requires a assortment of supportive accomplishments and schemes. If pupils are ready to larn, they will. If non, they wo n't, and cipher can coerce them ( Gardner, 1985:10 ; William,1988:5 ) . Encouraging pupils ‘ involvements and engagement through a supportive attack, sincere concern, and attending can animate pupils ‘ motive. Furthermore, some efficient ways to actuate pupils is to allow them listen to a talker who can actuate pupils. Durable motive must be more than fugitive efforts to animate pupils. Motivation is best sustained through a reciprocally developed programs and advancement monitoring and rating. Besides that, William ( 1988:3 ) provinces that â€Å" attitude is 100 per centum of school success † . Several factors influence school success, including place influence, self-concept, assurance, basic accomplishments, experience infer to things happened in the yesteryear, future aspirations, available aid, sensible opportunity of success given current accomplishment degrees, attending, demands, feelings, and the sensed ability to act upon their fate given their best attempt. However, there is no charming solution to the job of pupil motive. But if instructors can actuate their pupils, larning will be accomplished. To cognize a pupil ‘s motive, the research worker has to study and observe foremost. Additionally, analyzing and reexamining human motive is the other manner to understand a pupil ‘s motive.Understanding Human MotivationChery ( 1992:4 ; Aree Panmanee 2546: 269 cited in Siripan Suwanchandee 2548:11 ) negotiations about motive in the schoolroom, divided from behaviour, and remarks that many theoreticians and research workers point to two generic types of motive: extrinsic and intrinsic. Extrinsic motive exists when persons are motivated by an result that is external or functionally unrelated to the activity in which they are engaged. For case, in the context of school, a pupil who works hard on a study because she needs an Angstrom in order to stay eligible to play playground ball, is extrinsically motivated to compose a good study. Alternatively, intrinsic motive exists when person works with an interior desire to carry through a undertaking successfully, whether it has some external value or non. Peoples who are per se motivated to prosecute in a specific activity do non hold to be enticed into take parting in that activity. Alternatively, they actively seek chances to take part. These two points are really of import for instructors to understand. They should cognize about the differences between extrinsic and intrinsic motive in order to place and further their pupils ‘ motive in the schoolroom.Promoting Academic MotivationGrossnickle Don R. and Thiel William B ( 1988 ) suggest that instructors may make extrinsic motive in order to assist their pupils achieve in acquisition. Some of the undermentioned statements help instructors promote their pupils ‘ motive. First, is puting a course of study that is concerned with single differences and the basic cognition of pupils. It will assist if they are interested in larning. Second, instructors must larn aims and results that make pupils recognize the utility of survey and back up a good attitude towards larning. This can assist pupils carry through their survey. Third, instructors should offer chances to pupils to take part in be aftering lessons and inquire for pupils ‘ feedback. This may assist promote pupils. In add-on, the schoolroom environment should be attractive for pupils to larn new things, without force per unit area or restriction of freedom. Teachers should therefore actuate their pupils by utilizing attractive media, an interesting lead to lessons, a new instruction method, or utilizing teaching AIDSs and appropriate text editions.2.3 Theory of AttitudeThere are some points about theory of attitude analyzed for this survey. The research worker collected the chief points and gave inside informations in each instance. The definitions of attitude The constituents of attitude Attitude measuring Making attitude trialsThe definitions of attitudeMany psychologists and academic specializers have defined attitude as follows: The word â€Å" Attitude † derives from the Latin word: ‘Aptus ‘ . It means ‘fitness ‘ or ‘adaptedness ‘ ( Kanjana Makpoon, 2548:40 ) Droba ( 1933 ) says that attitude is a mental temperament of the human person to move for or against a definite object. In the lexicon of psychological science, Warren ( 1934 ) said that attitude is the specific mental temperament toward an entrance or originating experience, whereby that experience is modified ; or, a status of preparedness for a certain type of activity. Allport ( 1935: 19-20 ) says that attitude is a mental and nervous province of preparedness, organized through experience, exercising a directive or dynamic influence upon the person ‘s response to all objects and state of affairss with which it is related. Newcomb ( 1954: 128 cited in Wanpen, 2528:29 ) says that attitude is imparting of head with single experience. They are divided into two characters. They are positive attitude and negative attitude. Guilford ( 1959:223 ) says that attitude is a complicated emotion of people that is expressed in the manner of the recognized or unacceptable, love or detest. Vroom ( 1964:99 cited in Malinee, 2542:67 ) says that attitude and satisfaction can be used interchangeably, because those words mean the consequences from person to fall in some state of affairss and express positive attitude or negative attitude with it. Thurstone ( 1967: 20 ) provinces that attitude is the affect for or against a psychological object. Bem ( 1970: 14 ) says that attitude is like and dislike. Good ( 1973:48 ) says that attitude is the preparedness to show in whether manner, possibly support or against in some state of affairs with the individual or anything. Anastasi ( 1990:584 cited in Kanjana Makpoon, 2548:40 ) says that attitude means the reaction with support in similar or unlike such as state, usage, or institutes. It can non see in straight, but it can be inferred from linguistic communication and behaviour Raweewan Aungkanurakpan ( 2533:12 ) says that attitude is personal inner potency which intend to act in the positive/ negative ways. Aunchala Satsupap ( 2549:5 ) says that attitude is a belief in something which makes a positive reaction or negative reaction. In decision, attitude means satisfaction or dissactisfaction of a individual with something or person such as topographic points, people, things, or state of affairss. It can be used to foretell behaviour in the hereafter, because people tend to utilize their attitude when make up one's minding to show their behaviour. The research worker applies Thurstone ‘s and Bem ‘s attitude definition to this survey because it is accordant with the construct of attitude constituents which is stated in the following issue ( http: //www.blurtit.com/q720160.html, retrieved on 28 March 2008 ; Raweewan Aungkanurakpan, 2533:12-13 ; Wattana Srisatwaja, 2534:26 ) .The constituents of attitudeMany psychologists, such as Rosenberk, Hovland ( 1960 cited in Theeraporn Uwanno,2535:2 ) Kretch, Prutchfield, and Pallachey ( 1962, cited in Raweewan Aungkanurakpan, 2533:12 ) and Triandis ( 1971 cited in Raweewan Aungkanurakpan, 2533:12 ) , back up the construct that constituents of attitude are three as follows: 1. Cognitive constituent: It is a belief and perceptual experience of a individual towards something in a positive manner and negative manner. 2. Affectional constituent: It is a feeling, emotion and private values that are different in each individual. These make positive attitude or negative attitude. 3. Behavioral constituent: It is a individual ‘s preparedness to react behaviorally to the object. Harmonizing to this construct, it is believed that based on Plato ‘s construct, viz. human head consists of three constituents: idea, feelings, and conation ( Allport, 1985 cited in Theerapon Uwanno,2535:4 ) . On the other manus, late, the construct of constituent of attitude which is celebrated back uping by Thurstone ( 1959, Insko 1967, Bem 1970, Fishbein & A ; Ajzen 1975 cited in Raweewan Aungkanurakpan, 2533:13 ) province that attitude has merely one constituent like or dislike feelings towards psychological objects. The research worker applies this construct to this survey because many societal psychologists believe that it is the most of import portion of attitude which can take to understand and predict homo ‘s behaviours and they define the attitude definition as the affectional constituent ( Theerawut Akakul, 2549:8 ) .Attitude MeasurementSubin Yurarat ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.student.chula.ac.th/~43846691/attitudetheory .doc: parity 50, retrieved on 25 Feb. 2007 ) observes that there are many ways to mensurate attitude. Each manner is developed by many psychologists. Some ways of mensurating attitude are as follows: At the beginning, observation is one manner to mensurate an attitude. It uses ears and eyes to detect another individual ‘s behaviour towards something, and to roll up that primary informations for analysis. It is divided into two types: direct observation and indirect observation ( Raweewan Aungkanurakpan, 2533: 17-18 ) . The consequences can bespeak a individual ‘s attitude. Furthermore, interview is besides an attitude measuring, where the interviewer should fix the inquiries before get downing the interview to acquire the clearest information. In some instances, nevertheless, we may non acquire the existent information. Therefore, interview should partially used as attitude measuring, along with other methods. Furthermore, there are some other ways to mensurating attitude. Self-reporting is ever designed in graduated tables such as Thurstone scales, Lickert scales, Osgood graduated tables, Bogardus scales, Guttman scales, and the smiling faces graduated tables. As a projective technique, it is attitude measuring that participant have to give sentiment about images they see. Likewise, making psychological undertakings can besides mensurate attitude. Social psychologists believe that human behaviour originates from attitudes or feelings in each individual. The last 1 is the physical reactions of worlds, such as reactions to electric daze, look intoing bosom round per minute, and iris expansion. The societal psychologists say survey consequences indicate the relationship between strength or appendage of attitude and physical reaction. They do non speak about good or bad attitude. Those methods are non recommended as the best manner to mensurate attitude, as it depends on the aim of what is being measured and what consequences you seek. For the method that the research worker uses in this survey is the observation, interviewings and self-reporting.Making attitude trialJittraporn ‘s survey ( 2543:38 and Theerawut Akakul, 2549:56 ) refers to making a Likert scale attitude trial as follows: – Considering whose attitude the research worker wants to mensurate, towards what, and clearly gives the definition of attitude and the aims what the research worker wants to mensurate. – Composing the obvious sentence structure covered in each point. The inquiries must inquire about respondents ‘ feelings or beliefs. Likert ( 1967: 90 ) suggests the building a questionnaire should be as follows: In the paragraph, it is non a fact, but it is written in the footings of feelings or purpose to make something. In the paragraph, to set both positive and negative statements every bit. In each point, it should be clear, short and easy to understand. So the creative activity of an instrumental attitude trial, all of the inside informations above should be considered. This instrument will be efficient and can be used in a existent state of affairs. For this survey, the research worker adopts those methods to make a questionnaire for mensurating attitude and motive.2.4 Some jobs about larning and learning Thai as L1Jantarat Anansantiporn ( 2548 ) and Amara Prasitrattasin ( 2548 ) province that Thai is a linguistic communication which we use to pass on in day-to-day life, but people are non really interested in it. There are some jobs about larning and learning Thai divided into three chief points. The first is Thai instructors ‘ jobs, the 2nd 1 is pupils ‘ jobs, and the last is involved in learning AIDSs. Mentioning to Thai instructors ‘ attitude job, Thai instructors do non hold adequate support from decision makers, such as a opportunity to analyze abroad. It makes Thai instructors less enthusiastic, due to the fact that they do non see hereafter in their calling. Sometimes the personality/appearance of Thai instructors besides looks uncomfortable or uneasy. Actually, instructors think that good instruction is to assist pupils to go through the test. They do non learn the pupils to use their cognition to utilize in the existent state of affairss. Particularly, the memorizing method is frequently used. From my experience, the pupils are bored and the instructors are besides bored to learn, in every bit much as many Thai instructors at each school have a heavy work load. Therefore, they are non motivated to develop their instruction accomplishments or new learning methods and this reduced their instruction quality. Tai instructors believes being a Thai instructor is non interesting for pupils, so it makes them less motivated in giving their attempt in learning. Some instructors besides lack Thai instruction accomplishments. Students, hence, may hold less regard for instructors. Some of instructors ddo non pattern truth in Thai plenty, but they have to learn Thai. They think anyone can learn Thai. Other instructors do non collaborate with Thai instructors when their pupils use Thai falsely. They ever think it is Thai instructor ‘s responsibility to learn pupils how to utilize Thai accurately. Not merely Thai instructors, but in fact all instructors should remind and rectify when their pupils use Thai falsely. Additionally, some Thai instructors have been learning for a long clip and do non desire to develop their accomplishments. Rangsan Klinkaew ( 2550: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.perfs pot.com/blog.asp? id=23CAA779-0ADF-4B2B-9D7D-BB3036156D6 & A ; BlogId=28732, retrieved on 29 March 2008 ) states that instructors who use the same method, makes pupils bored. Furthermore, instructors do non back up pupils in researching their sentiments, are unfriendly, and are excessively much reliant upon the regulations since they themselves lack experience and cognition in learning Thai. Besides, single differences of pupils are non taken into history. For illustration, smart pupils can be bored and weaker pupils may non maintain up with others. Besides, learning Thai is non unvarying, for illustration, teacher A Teachs Thai linguistic communication accomplishments and instructor B teaches Thai literature. In add-on, in learning Thai use, Thai instructors do non promote pupils to pattern all four accomplishments. In footings of the testing frequence: Teachers frequently test at the terminal of school twelvemonth or semester. This does non uncover the existent proficiency of pupils. The 2nd issue about pupils ‘ job, in the article of Panthanee Vihokto ( 2538 ) about learning and larning Thai jobs, indicates that pupils have a bad attitude towards the Thai topic. They do non hold duty. They do non hold involvement in larning Thai, nor do they recognize its importance as they think it is their female parent lingua. They do non believe it is necessary to larn because they can automatically use/speak Thai. Consequently, they focus on other topics such as Mathematicss, Science, or Foreign linguistic communications. In fact the Daily News ( 2550,12 November:20 ) points out that pupils ‘ deficiency Thai linguistic communication accomplishments, particularly composing. Possibly this is because they do n't frequently utilize and pattern it or they use it merely merely when they study at school. Cipher encourages them to rectify their errors. When they say something incorrect, instructors frequently blame or knock, but do non butencourage them. Furthermore, pupils who come from a rural country and usage idiom find that analyzing linguistic communication requires attempts. Therefore, they feel that the Thai topic is excessively hard. Although they work hard on larning Thai, their consequences are still worse than those of other topics. These consequences in pupils being bored, lack inspiration, and disregard the Thai topic. One of the solutions for the job is utilizing learning AIDSs. It is a tool that helps instructors to learn in a more effectual manner. However, there are besides some jobs with learning AIDSs which are summarized as follows: Jantarat Anansantiporn ( 2548 ) surveies about pupils ‘ satisfaction of larning Thai. She states that Thai instructors do n't utilize learning AIDSs decently. Though they are necessary, it is adequate if they have a chalkboard and chalk. When they can non utilize, or do non cognize how to use, learning AIDSs, they merely work out this job by non utilizing them. They think that Thai learning AIDSs are non interesting compared with learning AIDSs of other topics ; for case, a research lab is more interesting than word cards because pupils can use their hearing and composing accomplishments at the same clip. In fact, in wider society, the information is an importance portion of believing procedure. Many resources, for case, cyberspace, e-books, ocular stuffs ; are prompts for instructors, but so instructors gain the information merely from text editions ( Department of Curriculum and Development: 104 ) . Apart from the jobs already given, there are some general jobs, for case, the deficiency of learning AIDSs ( Thaipost 2007, 27 July: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.drkalaya. com/education.php? newsid=579, retrieved on 30 March 2008 ; Pantanee Vihokto 2538 ) , the deficiency of pupil suites, noise, deficiency of support by decision makers, and decision makers do non back up outside instruction, because they will hold to react to more undertakings. These jobs hamper efficient instruction.2.5 Related ResearchTo analyze pupils ‘ motive and attitude towards the Thai topic, the research worker reviewed related research which supports and proves the theory of motive and attitude. They are as follows: About larning attitude and motive, Rugsiri Sithdichoke ( 2531 ) studied the Relationship Between Attitude Towards Thai Subject and Achievement in Learning Thai Subject of Students in The Colleges of Physical Education. The intent of this research is to analyze attitude towards the Thai topic of pupils in the colleges of physical instruction and to analyze the relationship between attitude towards the Thai topic and accomplishment in larning the Thai topic of pupils in the colleges of physical instruction. The sample group consisted of 530 pupils, used bunch random trying from the colleges of physical instruction. The questionnaires about Attitude towards Thai Subject Test, Thai Grammar Test, and Thai Literature Test are the instruments. The consequences show that the pupils in the colleges of physical instruction had positive attitudes towards Thai Subject. Furthermore, Rattana Thinklao ( 2533 ) surveies of Thai instructors ‘ instruction behaviours, attitudes towards supervising, and the academic accomplishment of the pupils instructed by the instructor who were supervised in equal clinical and peer concentional supervising in Cholburi secondary school. The sample group is 18 Thai instructors and 564 pupils from Matthayom Suksa 3, divided into 2 groups: an experimental group ( 9 Thai instructors and 290 pupils ) and a control group ( 9 Thai instructors and 274 pupils ) .The instrumental research is by questionnaire and observation. The consequences show that Thai instructors ‘ behaviour in the experiment group has higher than the control group. Students ‘ accomplishments in experiment group and control group had no difference. In add-on, Khachornsri Jatikananda ( 2533 ) surveies of the relationship between larning accomplishment and attitudes towards the methods of learning Thai linguistic communication of Matthayom Suksa 2 pupils through mini-course and the instructor ‘s manual of the educational techniques section. The sample group is 80 pupils at the secondary presentation school of Srinakaharinwirot University in Bangkok, is divided into two groups of 40 pupils each. The experimental group is taught by mini-course and the control group is taught by utilizing instructor ‘s manual. The consequence shows that the experimental group has higher larning accomplishment than the control group but the attitude of pupils between the experimental group and the control group are non different. Besides, Jittraporn Duangjumpol ( 2543 ) surveies the effects of utilizing reading workshop direction procedure on Thai linguistic communication reading comprehension ability and attitudes towards reading Thai linguistic communication of Mathayom Suksa two pupils in Bangkok Metropolis. The sample group is pupils in Matthayom 2, Prakanoung Pithayalai school and they are divided into two groups. One group used the normal method, and another group used the reading workshop direction procedure. The consequences show that pupils who are taught by utilizing the reading workshop direction procedure have a good attitude and accomplish higher mark than pupils who are taught by utilizing the normal method. Similarly, Patamathida Najaikong ( 2544 ) surveies about the effects of the mind-mapping and self-regulation on attitudes and Thai linguistic communication larning accomplishment of Mathayom Suksa 1 pupils. The sample group is 60 pupils in Matthayom Suksa 1, Borployratchadapisek school, was indiscriminately divided into four groups. Each group consists of 15 pupils. Group 1 is assigned to pattern utilizing head function technique. Group 2 is assigned to pattern utilizing self-regulation. Group 3 is assigned to pattern both of head function technique and self-regulation. Group 4 surveies in normal method. The consequences show that pupils who pattern utilizing the head function technique and self-regulation have a good attitude towards Thai topic. Furthermore, their tonss are besides higher than pupils who are taught the normal method. As for larning motive, Chonthon Ruamtham ( 2533 ) surveies Matthayom Suksa 2 pupil ‘s Thai linguistic communication accomplishment and motive the direction based on reply hunting activities and instructor ‘s manual activities. The sample group consists of 100 Buddhajak Wittaya school pupils who are every bit divided into two groups. The same content is taught to both groups for 16 periods of 50 proceedingss. The research design of the experiment is the pretest-posttest design. The consequence shows that the academic accomplishment of the experimental group is higher than the controlled group, but the learning motives in Thai linguistic communication of the two groups are non different. Then, Kanchana Makpoon ( 2548 ) surveies the effects of direction utilizing the plot line method on Thai linguistic communication larning accomplishment and attitude towards direction of Mathayom Suksa 2 pupils. The sample group consists of pupils in Mathayom Suksa 2, Cholburee Sukkhaboj school, is divided into two groups. Experimental group one consists of 47 pupils utilizing plot line and experimental group two consists of 47 pupils, utilizing the normal method. The consequences show that experimental group one, utilizing the plot line method have a good attitude and accomplish higher acquisition accomplishment than group two. Similarly, foreign research about larning attitude is studied by Colin Baker ( 1992 ) . He studied the attitude of the Welsh towards their linguistic communication. He compared his research over the old two old ages. The sample group is 11-14 old ages old pupils who studied in secondary school degree 1, 2 and 3. In another research, sample group is 13-16 old ages old pupils who studied in secondary school, degree 4, 5 and 6. The consequence shows that male ‘s positive attitude was somewhat lower than that of their female opposite numbers. Some research about larning motive are studied by Noppadol Buasai ( 2545 ) and Anchala Satsuphap ( 2549 ) . They besides study a comparing of Matthayom Suksa 1 and 3 pupils ‘ reading public presentation and motive in larning Thai by utilizing sketch lesson programme and the instructor ‘s manual. In the survey by Noppadol, he uses 80 pupils from Pasanusorn Bangkhae school as the sample group. Likewise, Anchala Satsuphap, uses 96 pupils from Matthayom Suksa 3 Srivikorn school. Each research besides divided into two groups: an experimental group, and a controlled group. Cartoon lessons are used to learn the experimental group, whereas instructors ‘ manual is used to learn the other 1. The consequence of Noppadol and Anchala shows that the ability of reading public presentation and motive in larning Thai between the experimental group and the control group are different, that is, pupils ‘ ability of reading and motive in larning Thai in the experimental group is h igher than the control group. Unless larning attitudes and motive, the surveies about Thai instruction and acquisition jobs are studied by Watcharee Srikham ( 2535 ) . She surveies jobs and learning demands of Thai III instructors. The sample group dwelling of 60 Thai instructors from Vocational and Technical College in four parts of Thailand is classified by learning experiences. The consequence shows that Thai instructors need the instruction techniques and supervising at the high degree. The same as Srichan Wichatong ( 2542 ) surveies on the analysis of Rajabhat Phranakhon pupils ‘ mistakes. The sample group consists of 1152 pupils who register in the Thai Usage class 1540201. They are assigned to compose the essay within 60 proceedingss. The consequence shows that pupils ‘ mistakes, harmonizing to the frequence of happening, are spelling, words use, word order, pauses, punctuation, the usage of etc. , abbreviations and figures. These are the related research on motive and attitude of pupils towards linguistic communication acquisition. However, cipher has researched the motive and attitudes of pupils towards the Thai topic. Therefore, the research worker thinks that my survey will be the first measure to assist instructors and decision makers develop and better the Thai capable course of study in the hereafter.