Nonfiction Reaction

â€Å"Salvation† by Langston Hughes â€Å"Who Will Light the Incense When Mother’s Gone? † By Andrew Lam Nonfiction Reaction University of Phoenix ENG/125 Jill Greene Nonfiction Reaction â€Å"Salvation† by Langston Hughes Langston Hughes, author of the nonfiction short story â€Å"Salvation,† was born James Mercer Langston Hughes on February 1, 1902 to Carrie and James Hughes in Joplin Missouri (New World Encyclopedia, 2008). Langston Hughes was among the principle figures of the Harlem Renaissance. He is a major influence to writers and poets of different races and creeds. His writings, inspired by the rhythms and language of the black church and blues and jazz music of his era, send messages of equity, harmony, and unity. Hughes believed music to be the true expression of the black spirit. In Hughes’ nonfiction story, â€Å"Salvation,† he writes about his salvation from sin that was instead an abandonment of his belief in Jesus. The story begins with the revival at his Auntie Reed’s church. Hughes was told: When he becomes saved he would see a light, and something would happen inside. Jesus would come into his life and God would be with him from then on. He would be able to see, hear, and feel Jesus in his soul. Hughes, 1940, p. 351) During the revival that night the children were brought to the front of the church. At the end of the sermon the preacher asked the children enter the fold of Jesus and save their soles from sin. Some of the children went right away. People of the church prayed for the other children until they went t o the altar. Hughes did not go because he was waiting to see Jesus and the light. Hughes and Westley were the only children left. Westley became tired and went up to the altar to save his sole from sin. Hughes was still waiting to see the light and Jesus. The congregation continued to pray for Hughes. Hughes was waiting to see Jesus. Jesus never came. Hughes began to wonder why he could not see Jesus and what would happen to Westley for taking Jesus’ name in vain and lying in the church. He finally rose and went to the church alter to join the other children. The congregation began to rejoice with shouts of Amen. That night in bed he cried. His aunt thought his crying was because the Holy Ghost had come into his life, and he had seen Jesus. He was crying because the Holy Ghost had not come into his life, he had not seen Jesus, and he could not tell her of his lies (Hughes, 1940, p. 352). He could not tell his aunt he no longer believes that there is a Jesus. In this nonfiction story Hughes uses irony to show that no matter how bad a person wants something to happen, chances are that something may not happen. Hughes was told that he would see a light and Jesus. Jesus does not come. This causes Hughes to doubt his salvation and religion. Hughes has to give in to the painful truth that he would not see a light or Jesus. As the preacher sang of â€Å"the ninety and nine safe in the fold,† Langston could not help but believe he was the â€Å"one little lamb left out in the cold† (Hughes, 1940, p. 51). This song was a comparison of the children to lambs. The children were lambs, innocent and with a need to be led to Jesus. Within this flock Hughes and Westley were the strays that needed to be led back to the right path to Jesus. These boys came to the altar for the wrong reasons. Hughes demonstrates that temptation still exists, much like the temptation of th e apple in Eden. Hughes gives in to the temptation of lying about seeing Jesus. This causes Hughes to doubt the existence of Jesus because â€Å"he did not come to help him† (Hughes, 1940, p. 352). This story reminds the reader of the pressure that adults can unknowingly place on children. â€Å"Who Will Light the Incense When Mother’s Gone? † by Andrew Lam Andrew Lam, author of the nonfiction short story â€Å"Who Will Light the Incense When Mother’s Gone? † was born in 1964 in South Vietnam. He came to the United States in 1975 at the age of 11. The nonfiction short story â€Å"Who Will Light Incense When Mother’s Gone? † is about the loss of old traditions. When Lam’s mother turns 70, she and her sister wonder who will keep the tradition and light the incense to the dead when each sister is dead. Their children have become Americanized and do not want to keep the tradition. Their grandchildren will not because they do not understand this tradition. The ladies assume that the ritual will end with them. The children, born in America, know nothing of their ancestors in Vietnam. The ritual consists of lighting joss sticks at the ancestral altar. Then talking to the ghosts and saying prayers to the spirits of dead ancestors asking for protection. Lam uses imagery about the incense slowly burning and his mother mumbling indecipherably to dead people to show how this tradition is old and nonsensical to him. Lam’s mother is afraid that he has become too American. She believes that he has become a cowboy. â€Å"A cowboy in Vietnamese estimation is a rebel who, as in the spaghetti westerns leaves town—the communal life—to ride alone into the sunset† (Lam, 2003, p. 1078). Lam uses metaphors, cowboy, to describe how his mother views him. Lam expresses his fear to be left alone in the world when his mother leaves, but hesitates to take up her traditions. Lam’s mother wants her children to be Americans, to finish high school, go to college, and receive employment in the field of study. She would also like them to keep Vietnamese traditions. Lam believes he and his mother live in two different worlds. â€Å"His is a world of travel, writing, and public speaking; hers is a world of consulting the Vietnamese horoscope, attending Buddhist temple on the day of her parents death anniversaries, and telling stories of the past† (Lam, 2003, p. 1078). When Lam considers the traditions that will be lost, he has feelings of guilt. â€Å"I wish I could assure my mother that, after she is gone, each morning I would light incense for her and all the ancestor spirits before her, but I cannot† (Lam, 2003, p. 078). His mother and other Vietnamese mothers connect him and his generation to the traditional past. When she is gone this will be lost. â€Å"I fear she’ll leave me stranded in America, becoming more American than I expected, a lonely cowboy cursed with amnesia† (Lam, 2003, p. 1078). Both of these stories, â€Å"Salvation† and â€Å"Who Wil l Light Incense When Mother’s Gone? † are about loss. Hughes writes about the loss of his faith and Lam writes about the loss of his family tradition. I understand these feelings of loss. Traditions that my family did when I was younger, I no longer do as an adult. When gathering together with family and talk of these times, one begins to wonder why these times had to stop. Our lives have gone in different directions, and we no longer make time for extended family outings. Nonfiction stories such as these bring back memories to the readers. Everyone has a time when they have lost faith in something or questioned the loss of a family tradition. While reading these stories one can imagine themselves becoming a part of the story. Imagination is more useful for the reader. I believe that imagination is already a part of nonfiction writings. The writer is using imagination while writing about the past. The writer has to imagine as he writes. References Hughes, L. (2011). Salvation. In S. Barnet, W. E. Cain, & W. Burto, Literature for composition: Essays, stories, poems, and plays. (9th ed. , p. 351-352). Boston, MA: Pearson. (Original work published 1940). Lam, A. (2011). Who will light the incense when Mother’s gone? In S. Barnet, W. E. Cain, & W. Burto, Literature for composition: Essays, stories, poems, and plays. (9th ed. , p. 1077-1078). Boston, MA: Pearson. (Original work published 2003). New world encyclopedia. (2008). Retrieved from http://www. newworldencyclopedia. org/entry/Langston_Hughes

Edgar Allen Poe Alcohol’

Sam Doueiri Edgar Allan Poe and substance abuse The Bottled Curse Edgar Allan Poe was one of America’s most celebrated poet and story teller. His life started early with misfortune. Both of his parents were already dead, when Edgar was 3 years old. His father died of tuberculosis and his mother died of tuberculosis and pneumonia. He was adopted and attended school until he was 17 years old. He started the abuse of alcohol with 17 and he started gambling.As his adopting father figured out, he stopped all financial supports of his adopted son. Edgar had to leave the University and he enlisted in the U. S. military, and later obtained a military school. Edgar Allan Poe was expelled from the military school after one year attending. During his time in this school he published his first poetry book. Over the years Poe established a reputation as a writer. Drinking remained a lifelong problem. Edgar adopted a lifestyle which included a constant abuse of alcohol.Although writing brou ght him fame, he had to struggle through his whole life with financial issues. Because of the leaking copyright protection to his time, he never was financially rewarded for his excellent masterpieces of poetry and literature. Therefore he struggled through his whole life with money issues. Throughout most of his writings Edgar Allan Poe mentions the abuse of alcohol â€Å"I became insane, with long intervals of horrible sanity. During these fits of absolute unconsciousness I drank †¦ God only knows how often or how much.As a matter of course, my enemies referred the insanity to the drink rather than the drink to the insanity. † Courtney JF: â€Å"Addiction and Edgar Ellen Poe† Med Times 1972; 100:162-163. He started in a young age with the excessive abuse of alcohol, as a classmate recalled: â€Å"He would always seize the tempting glass, generally unmixed with sugar or water- in fact, perfectly straight- and without the least apparent pleasure, swallow the cont ents, never pausing until the last drop had passed his lips. Bonaparte M: â€Å"The Life and Works of Edgar Allan Poe†, Imago Pub, London 1949:31-32 Alcohol appears frequently in Poe’s stories, usually connected to some following violent act or event: † One night, returning home, much intoxicated, from one of my haunts about town, I fancied that the cat avoided my presence. I seized him; when, in his fright at my violence, he inflicted a slight wound upon my hand with his teeth. The fury of a demon instantly possessed me. I knew myself no longer. My original soul seemed, at once, to take its flight from my body; and a more than fiendish malevolence, gin-nurtured, thrilled every fiber of my frame.I took from my waistcoat-pocket a penknife, opened it, grasped the poor beast by the throat, and deliberately cut one of its eyes from the socket†¦. When reason returned with the morning- when I had slept off the fumes of the night’s debauchery-I experienced a sentiment half of horror, half of remorse, for the crime of which I had been guilty; but it was, at best, a feeble and equivocal feeling, and the soul remained untouched. I again plunged into excess, and soon drowned in wine all memory of the deed. † Poe’s â€Å"The Black Cat† www. heliterature network. com pages 2-5. In conclusion, Alcohol abuse became a part of Edgar Allan Poe’s life, it affected his writings his perception and his creativity. He went into almost a â€Å"Dark Side† in his life and gave little windows of his mind through his literature. It seems almost as if the Alcohol took overhand and had finally a body of mind, from which on the Alcohol himself and parts of Poe’s personality were writing in between two different worlds, the â€Å"Dark side† and the â€Å"pure and innocent side† of life.His way of writing very â€Å" Dark† finds an interesting base of making the reader being curious what will happen next. It is† miserable† itself what makes the reader keep reading. Courtney JF: â€Å"Addiction and Edgar Ellen Poe† Med Times 1972; 100:162-163. Bonaparte M: â€Å"The Life and Works of Edgar Allan Poe†, Imago Pub, London 1949:31-32 Poe’s â€Å"The Black Cat† www. theliterature network. com pages 2-5.

Write a one page business memo follow the gathering data assignment Essay

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The Basis of Christianity Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Basis of Christianity - Term Paper Example Although Christianity claims that there is just one God, the assign three different elements to this singular God. These elements include God himself as the Father, Jesus Christ as the Son and the third element is that of the Holy Spirit. Churches are where Christians gather to worship and the spiritual leaders of Christianity are either called priests or ministers. Their holy book of guidance is the Bible which consists of both the Old as well as the New Testament. Celebrated holidays in Christianity include Christmas and Easter which mark important milestones in the Western secular calendar.   These facts are perhaps well known to anyone who has ever heard the Christianity. The reason for choosing them as a community to base anthropological research had nothing to do with those facts but more with the Christianity’s extremely interesting and rich historical past as well as some of their values.   Christian socialism is a religious socialism that is based on the teachings and wisdom of Jesus Christ. Several Christian socialists believe that capitalism is idolatrous and has roots in greed. Greed is considered as a mortal sin in Christianity (Hastings, Mason, and Pyper).   Christianity teaches its followers some core values which, if followed, can lead the followers living a happy and prosperous life. Their first belief is having faith in one God. All Christians worship one God and consider it to be the most important thing in life. Second, which Christianity tells its followers is to respect other people. It is their core concept to give respect to other people irrespective of their age or gender. As it is written in the Bible, â€Å"Love your neighbor as yourself.† There is no commandment greater than these." (NIV, Mark 12:31). The word â€Å"love† carries respect for others in itself.

Project Management Methodology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Project Management Methodology - Essay Example This is captured significantly in Project Methodology Framework. For this reason, process groups and knowledge areas are essential. This paper seeks to address why project management methodology is a practical way of implementing organizational change. It exposes the reason why organizational change in itself is a project. A part from dealing with the nine project knowledge areas it illuminates the role of process groups in project implementation processes. It also seeks to relate the Project Implementation Methodology to Kotter’s eight-steps in leading change. Project Management Methodology Framework in Implementing Organizational Change Why Organizational Change is viewed as a project Evidently, Project Management Methodology is relevant in implementing organizational change. Organizational change should be viewed as a project and therefore applying project management methodology would be appropriate. The reasons why organizational change qualifies as a project are many. On the whole, often times, the design of the organization doubles up as one of a project’s particular goal. For instance, there may be a need for reducing the number of employees needed, or introduction of new technology or part of a business change procedure. Specifically, numerous issues that relate to the organizational change management are supposed to be dealt with when a project is starting (Richman 2006). This ensures that needed activities become part of plan to pave way for assigning roles and responsibilities. Further, this may mean that issues such as sponsors change and their effectiveness, participatory methods, and change of communication in view of the targets are examined. When changing work culture, project management framework helps to break down the project into logical and more manageable steps. Organizational culture consists of the beliefs, values, and norms that are shared by people within an organization. The process of changing culture can be a costly an d time consuming project that involves implementing many of the processes, groups and bodies of knowledge that project management methodology consist of. Richman (2006) reckons this when he asserts that organizational policies may require change in its formal and informal culture that affects a project. According to him, this could be in quality management which would involve continued project improvement and auditing, or changing employee’s performance evaluation frameworks and dismissal guides. It could also involve streamlining of work reporting time and contract provisions (Richman, 2006) Process Groups and Knowledge Areas in Relation To Kotter’s Leading Change Model Because of the reasons aforementioned, project management methodology is a good tool for implementing an organizational change because it is proven to be a structured and a logical methodology for managing projects. In a way it maps well with John Kotter’s model of Leading Change. Kotter’ s model of eight-stage process, offers a more practical strategy to leading the implementation process of, and not merely managing change. Richman (2006) notes that, essentially, a successful project originates from an effectively planned and executed project management methodology which is ‘‘a system of interrelated phases, procedures, activities and tasks that define the project

THE MEXICAN MURALISTS Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

THE MEXICAN MURALISTS - Assignment Example This resulted in feelings of hostility between the upper and the lower or middle class. This hostility later grew into ultimate animosity towards the upper class and anything even related to the upper class. Between 1923 and 1928, Diego Rivera was appointed to create murals and many researchers believe that it was Rivera’s art which set the foundations for the Mexican Muralist Movement. (Magazine, n.d.) In 1910, Mexico was in despair due to the dictatorship of President Porfirio Diaz. Vast majority was suffering from impoverishment and poverty. The Muralist Movement originally served as the mouthpiece to represent the vision and history of ideology of the government. Later on, it depicted the struggle of the lower and working class against the oppression. This movement was led by three artists, Diego Rivera, Josà © Clemente Orozco and David Alfaro Siqueiros who later came to be referred to as, Los Tres Grande which means â€Å"the three great ones†. They formed the Labor Union of Technical Workers, Painters and Sculptors and dedicated their art and murals to express the Mexican history and the opinions of the society. The Los Tres Grande used the traditional form of fresco painting and displayed their murals in the public places, which they regarded as the most convenient avenue to communicate to the public. (Flores, 2014) Orozco, Siqueiros and Rivera were analogous in many aspects but they all had very diverse approach in their art and motivation styles. Orozco had a European style of expression and he was broadly influenced by symbolism.

The Marketing Mix and Key Stakeholder Groups for Ryanair Airline Assignment

The Marketing Mix and Key Stakeholder Groups for Ryanair Airline - Assignment Example This research will begin with the statement that in order to amplify the sustainability and reputation in this age of extreme aggressiveness, it is the stakeholders, who might present positive strategies and policies for the growth the organization. This is because, stakeholders are recognized as those individuals, in which the organization is entirely dependent over a long period of time. Moreover, varied types of internal motives and desires of these stakeholders get fulfilled due to the increase in the organizational productivity and profitability. Other than this, the stakeholders are those individuals, who get affected by the implementation of varied types of inventive activities by the organization. This section identifies the prime stakeholders of Ryanair Airline that offers significant impact and influence over organizational activities are employees, pressure groups, and shareholders. Employees: employees are considered as the internal stakeholders of an organization and pla y a very vital role in organizational improvement. This is because; it is the employees or the human resources of an organization that dedicates his or her total commitment so as to amplify his level of performance or goals. Similarly, the employees or human resources of Ryanair Airline might try to present effective attitude, behavior as well as services so as to satisfy the requirements of the customers. Only then, the reliability and trust of the customers over the hospitality of Ryanair Airlines might get enhanced that may improve the brand image and market share of the brand. Other than this, if the level of hospitality of the employees of Ryanair Airlines is extremely praise-worthy, then the range of customers might get increased that may amplify the profitability and productivity of the organization. However, in order to maintain such type of hospitality, the employees need to offer extensive training and development workshops so as to improve their communication skills and i ntelligence power. Apart from this, in order to make the employees as the most profitable assets of Ryanair, effective communication and participation system need to be implemented, at the time of developing any strategy or policy.

A dominant retail centric supply chain participant Research Paper

A dominant retail centric supply chain participant - Research Paper Example This research will begin with the statement that earlier manufacturers used to dominate the supply chain. But things have changed now. Today, supply chains have become retail centric where retailers have grabbed the power of control over the supply chain. One of the leading retailer companies of UK is Marks and Spencer (M&S). It is a successful company since its beginning in the year of 1984. The success, which this company has achieved, has been obtained through some excellent networks amongst the local suppliers who are indeed very dedicated towards the growth of their company. However, it has changed its strategy in sourcing when it tried to extend its area beyond the national boundary. In the 1990s, it dumped its sourcing strategies in the UK and went in for more open policies. This was done keeping in mind the cost reduction which they would apply in relocating the various manufacturing units from the established suppliers in overseas at low cost. Such a change in these supply c hain was brought about owing increase in competitive pressure. Downward pressure was felt in the movement of price due to increase in the competition level. This meant a reduction in the cost to sustain the company in the competitive market. Successful supply chain management means success for any retailer. Thereby it is indeed interesting to study the various strategies in the supply chain of M&S in the UK.

The Impact of Urban Industrialization on Early Twentieth-Century Art Research Paper

The Impact of Urban Industrialization on Early Twentieth-Century Art - Research Paper Example The two depictions of labourers through the work of Courbet and Manet are very different in scope and social setting. The labourers in the Courbet piece, The Stone Breakers (1848-1850) are labourers in the field, the reflection of his background as having been raised in a farming family evident in his depiction of labour. The Manet piece, Olympia (1863) shows a woman servant, her job doting on the subject of the piece and presenting a very different version of work. Where the labourers of Courbet are creating and achieving, the Manet piece reflects an indulgence and luxury. Manet’s family was financially wealthy, thus his exposure to servants may have been different than Courbet, although his family undoubtedly had them as well. Manet lived an urban life where Courbet lived a rural life during his youth. The French Revolution of 1848 was about to work and labour, thus allowing for the paintings to provide context for the political aesthetics and issues of the time period. Pari s was being built to reflect less of an indulgence and more of the socially relevant economic problems of the time, thus these paintings contribute to that discourse, even in the more indulgent nature of Manet’s work. In comparison to Caillebotte’s Floor Scapers (1875), the pieces are less activated, where Caillebotte’s view of labour was much more intensely positioned. The workers are engaged in hard labour, where the work of Courbet and Manet do not show this same activation. In discussing urban industrialization, the work of Umberto Boccioni and Ernst Ludwig Kirschner provides context for the changes that were being experienced at the turn of the 20th century.

AUDITING AND ASSURANCE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

AUDITING AND ASSURANCE - Essay Example Legislation and the Auditing Profession in the UK According to the True and Fair Organisation (2012), the audit profession in the UK is monitored closely, and regulated tightly in accordance with strict professional standards and legislation. Also, companies and individuals who breach any of the rules, outlined by Legislation, will face strict penalties. The audit profession is under the Legislation provisions of the UK Government. The government controls the audit profession through Legislation such as the Companies Act on Audit, Inspection and Community Enterprise of 2004 and 2006 (True and Fair Organisation, 2012). There are also the Auditors Regulations of 2007, which control the activities of the Audit profession in the UK. This Legislation controls and monitors how audits are carried out in the UK. Legislation regulates the auditing profession in the UK, under the Companies Act 2006 (Collings, 2013, p. 237). Therefore, it is a requirement that professional accountants should at tain a senior statutory auditor position for them to be able to practice audit-related work in the UK. Further, UK Legislation requires that companies must have their annual financial statements audited. Auditors are required by Law to follow ISA (UK and Ireland) 700 in the formation of an auditor’s report on financial statements, as issued by the Financial Reporting Council. Common Law versus Auditing Profession in the UK The UK court system has taken responsibility of safeguarding shareholders, who are termed as third parties, from fraudulent activities of company directors, in collaboration with auditors and audit firms. Therefore, it acts as a quality-control mechanism for the auditing profession (Johnstone, Gramling, & Rittenberg, 2013, p.14). Common Law requires that auditors should observe care of professional advice to avoid violating the provisions of the civil law of negligence (Davies, 2011, p. 7). Auditors should also observe their duty of care diligently, while p erforming audit work because the UK Legal System is based on Common Law (Davies, 2011, p. 7). Company directors have the responsibility of preparing financial statements that should present a true and fair value of the organisation. Therefore, they contribute to the outcome of audit processes in one way or the other. The public may sue auditors and auditing firms under state statutes and Common Law for substandard audit work (Johnstone, Gramling, & Rittenberg, 2013, p. 14). The public, in this case, comprises of shareholders and other investors who may rely on the information provided by company directors and auditors to make financial decisions. In some circumstances, according to Common Law, disclosure may be justified in the public interest where there is no instance of noncompliance with Law regulations. For instance, where the public is being misled or the public’s interests are being damaged by auditors’ activities (FRC, 2013, p. 17). Therefore, Common Law contro ls the audit profession in the UK in that, it requires auditors to comply with the provisions of Common Law. Auditors and audit firms, who violate Common Law provisions, can be sued under Common Law by third parties. Regulatory and Professional Elements versus Auditing Profession in the UK Various independent Regulatory and Professional bodies have been created to control the auditing profession in the UK. The Regulatory and Pr

Medieval Archetypes Utilized in Hamlet Essay Example for Free

Medieval Archetypes Utilized in Hamlet Essay Hamlet by William Shakespeare is a complex play because of its multiple dimensions. Upon dissection, the influence of other works can be observed in it. One of the most prominent of these works is the York Fall of Man. This particular play is a very poor remake of the book of Genesis in the bible. However, William Shakespeare utilizes the medieval traditions exemplified in the Fall of Man to create the characters in Hamlet. For example, Hamlets mother, Queen Gertrude, shows an uncanny parallel to Eve from the Fall of Man. Gertrudes behavior and characteristics fall under the archetype presented in the rendition of Genesis. Eve can be described as: gullible, naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve, accidentally rebellious, trusting, curious, manipulated, and egocentric. These same traits can be used to identify Gertrudes personality as well. In part three of the Fall of Man, Satan, in the form of the worme, is trying to convince Eve to rebel against God by eating the forbidden fruit. The worme claims that it will make her omnipotent. When Eve questions Satan, he replies, Why trowes thou nog[h]t me?/ I wolde by no- kynnes ways/ Telle nog[h]t but trouthe to the[e] (pg 270, line 75). In perhaps one of her most naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve and gullible moments, Eve responds, Than wille I to thy teching traste,/ and fange this frute unto oure foode (78). Likewise, in Hamlet there is a moment that closely mirrors this. When King Claudius and Polonius decide to spy on the interaction between Hamlet and Ophelia, Claudius tells Gertrude to leave even though it is her son. She only answers, I shall obey you (III,I, 42). These two quotes show the extent to which both Eve and Gertrude have been manipulated by their curiosity and weakness. Eve only wanted to know if the fruit contained a certain power and Gertrude was interested in her sons apparent madness yet both women put aside independent thinking and oblige the villain. Later in the Fall of Man, Eve brings the forbidden fruit to Adam saying A worme has done me for to witte/ We shalle be as goddis, thou and I,/ If that we ete/ Here of this tree (91). Then in Hamlet, Gertrude asks her son, Have you forgot me? ( III, IV, 16). She is essentially asking if Hamlet has forgotten whom he is speaking to. In the Fall of Man, Eve portrays egocentric qualities. When she discovers the power of the fruit, she suddenly desires to share it with Adam so that they might be god- like together. She wants to be all knowing and powerful, so when she sees the chance she takes it. Gertrude is self-centered as well. She doesnt want to lose her standing as queen when her husband dies so she marries his brother not even two months following his passing. When Hamlet confronts her on her actions she retorts with anger that he would dare speak to her in that manner. Both Gertrude and Eve have a mental self image of themselves that is better than what others perceive them as and both women strive to maintain/ improve that image. Gertrudes character directly parallels that of Eve in respect to characteristics and traits. They are both archetypal characters but the resemblances are eerie. The women both end in similar manners as well. Eve eats the forbidden fruit and guarantees her banishment from the Garden of Eden. Gertrude drinks the poison and ensures her own death. The characters have too many similarities to be dismissed as coincidence. Ergo it can be stated with a level of confidence that William Shakespeare utilizes the medieval traditions outlined in the Fall of Man to write Hamlet. Works Cited Medieval Drama. Ed. David Bevington. Boston; Houghton Mifflin Company, 1975 Hamlet. William Shakespeare. Ed. Louis Wright. Virginia Lamar. New York; Simon Schuster Inc, 1958

Illegal Immigration and enforcement of laws Essay Example for Free

Illegal Immigration and enforcement of laws Essay America, as we know it today, is a melting pot of many nationalities, cultures, races, ethnic backgrounds, and religious pursuits. This is the result of the early massive immigration to American shores from countries across the globe seeking a new life inside the borders of the United States. This dream has not waned despite the march of time, with individuals coming from all walks of life, striving to fulfill their dreams of starting a new life for themselves and their families in the United States, or to send them financial support to alleviate the living conditions of their loved ones abroad. But recent times and events have turned the once open gates for these immigrants to closing windows of opportunity as the United States enforces some of the harshest laws primed to keep illegal immigrants from ever setting foot on American soil. The latest battleground for the enforcement of laws regarding the entry and stay of illegal immigrants in the United States is in the state of Arizona. Arizona Senate Bill 1070, the new debatable statute that empowers the police in the state to demand for the papers of any individual that they believe to have illegally entered the United States. Some of the laws main advocates include the chief of the Maricopa police department, Joe Arpaio and Russell Pearce, the chief sponsor of the bill in the state Senate. Pearce has a personal angle to work for the strict enactment of the bill-Pearces son was shot to death by an illegal immigrant (Nathan Thornburgh). As Arizona Governor Jan Brewer affixed his signature to the controversial bill, enacting the same into law within the borders of the state, critics and opponents of the measure guaranteed that the measures passage into law will be met with stiff opposition. Many of the opponents of the bill promised stiff legal sanctions and economic boycotts poised to train their guns at Arizona, an event that the state can ill afford as the state is still in the morass of the housing sector collapse that has buffeted the economy of the United States. In the moments before the bill was signed, protesters and police clashed in a rally that has led to minor clashes with authorities, with more than 1,500 people chanting, praying, criticizing or praising Brewer as he began to enact the law. Four of the protesters were taken into custody, after engaging police in a bottle throwing battle, with authorities clad in riot gear (Craig Harris, Alia Beard Rau and Glen Creno). The Republican governor is faced with a vigorous challenge in the primaries and will need the support of the Conservative bloc to hold on to her office, averred that the new statute is one of the new instruments that the state will use in addressing the crisis that they were not responsible in creating, and stated that the Federal government has refused to address this issue at their level. The new legislation has put Arizona squarely in the national spotlight, with no less than United States President weighing in on the matter and CNN broadcasting the signing of the law by Brewer live (Harris, Rau and Creno). In the opinion of Dr. George Weissinger, Ph. D. , the problem with the illegal immigrants coming through the widely porous border regions of the United States with its southern neighbor is a dilemma that is not confined to the problem with U. S. -Mexico immigration problems, and opines that the enforcement of the present set of immigration laws by the United States government only contributes to the ever-increasing illegal immigrant population of the United States. Weissinger (2003) argues that much of the societal perceptions of the illegal alien in the United States vary from the sympathetic to the bigoted. With this type of confusion on the response of the society to the true plight of the illegal immigrants entering the United States, the responses as mentioned above are to be expected (Weissinger). What is considered to be a prime catalyst in the formation of the opinions of the society against or for the illegal immigrants is the media; the media usually characterizes the illegal alien as one who crosses over the border of his own country to the next, with nothing more spurring him/her on than the possibility of being able to find a means of employment that will allow them to fend for their families back in their own native lands. But with the events that occurred that tragic day on the 11th of September, 2001, the image of the illegal alien has radically been transformed. The media is a powerful conveyor of the way that the illegal immigrant is portrayed in American or any other society. When the news broadcast images of immigrant day laborers, this image will serve as the standard by which society deems what it defines to be the image of the illegal aliens in the society (Weissinger). Many of these characterizations are more inclined on the aesthetics rather than the economic, health or issues that deal with conflicts with the law. Many residents in the area that illegal immigrant congregate usually fear a decrease in their property values, or even some have the notion that the illegal immigrants might become a hindrance to their business activities. These illegal immigrants flock to many locations in the United States where they hope that potential employers will hire them for the day, thus allowing them to send some financial aid to their families back home. But even without the Arizona and California laws, there is ample laws provided to the Federal government to deal with the problem of illegal immigrants (Weissinger). The Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS), under Title 8 USC Section 1357, has appointed officers and other personnel to implement the law on illegal immigrants, allowing them the mandate to question suspected illegal immigrants with regards to their continued stay in the United States, even without the benefit and requirement of a warrant. But unfortunately, the agency has been remiss in this duty to address this problem even before the enactment of the controversial Arizona statute. In the operating policy of the INS, now officially known as the Bureau of Immigration and Customs Enforcement (BICE), the target of the body is not the illegal immigrants themselves, but the employers who hire these illegal immigrants, removing the demand, and not the supply, in an effort to discourage illegal immigrants from coming to the United States to find employment. These operating policies developed as a result of the implementation of the 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act (Weissinger). But Arizona is not alone among the states of the Union trying to address their problems with regards to the burgeoning number of illegal aliens in their states. The Washington Times, known as a conservative publication, has recently reported that the illegal immigrant statute in California is akin to the one being enacted and implemented in Arizona. The Post reports that in the Penal Code of California, section 834b, states that California law enforcement units should fully cooperate with the United States Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) with regards to any individual that is taken into custody if the person is allegedly in the United States under the premise on infringing existing United States immigration laws. Advocates of the Arizona law aver that the basis of the law in the state simply follows the gist of existing Federal statutes regarding illegal immigrants. Laws that have been implemented by the Federal government for the past seven decades. The text of the California section reads as follows: With respect to any such person who is arrested, and suspected of being present in the United States in violation of federal immigration laws, every law enforcement agency shall do the following: (1) Attempt to verify the legal status of such person as a citizen of the United States, an alien lawfully admitted as a permanent resident, an alien lawfully admitted for a temporary period of time or as an alien who is present in the United States in violation of immigration laws. The verification process may include, but shall not be limited to, questioning the person regarding his or her date and place of birth, and entry into the United States, and demanding documentation to indicate his or her legal status (Dennis Romero). George Orwell, author of such works as â€Å"Animal Farm† and â€Å"1984†, states that one of the great tragedies in crafting such important legislation, is that thousands of dollars in taxpayers money are wasted in crafting these laws. Many eagerly anticipate for the passage of the law, then downgrade the importance of actually enforcing the law itself. In the time that the debate on the need of the law in the first place, the very thing that the law was crafted for in the first place remains and grows, becoming part and parcel of the life of the society. Until such time that the issue has become too damaging to the society, it is only in that time that the law will be once again resurrected to address the problem, which could have been addressed if the law was enforced earlier (Arizona Immigration Laws). The law that empowered the INS/BICE to enforce the laws on immigration was originally crafted by the United States Congress, with both houses giving unanimous support to the immigration bills, as the laws were enacted in the early years of the 20th century. The laws against illegal immigration were rendered to the hands of the President of the United States, with the belief that the Executive branch will be able to faithfully execute the tenets of the law. The enforcement of the laws went smoothly until the 1960s, when the implementation of the civil rights laws in the United States and the rigorous enforcement of the laws regulating Hispanic immigration into America found themselves at loggerheads in the political circle. Unfortunately, the law against the entry of illegal immigrants coming from the southern American neighbors, particularly Hispanic immigrants, was overthrown to accommodate the caprices of United States Democrat senators, caring more for the support of the affluent farmers in their constituencies than assuring that the laws against the entry of illegal immigrants into the United States was conscientiously enforced (Arizona). But are immigrants actually those that are in violation of United States immigration laws? According to Dr. Weissinger (2003), those that violate immigration laws are not considered as immigrants. In his opinion, there is a wide degree of differentiation against those that willingly infringe on the laws of the United States, and those immigrants that apply for residency in the United States, faithfully complying with the many requirements needed to gain legal citizenship in the United States. The confusion between the two contributes to the illogical responses and connotations attached to the illegal issue and picturing these two as equal issues is the result of dubious logic (Weissinger). The emphasis of the current administration on the strict, unyielding enforcement of the immigration laws has given way to a increased number of deportations by the BICE. In the statement of ICE assistant secretary John Morton, ICE is expected to acquire the needed resources and logistics that will allow the agency to deport more than 400,000 illegal immigrants in 2010. This figure, according to Morton, is an increase of 10 percent over the figures posted the previous year. In addition, increasing numbers of raids on companies and businesses that are allegedly contracting the services of illegal immigrants have registered an increase of nearly four times than the entire administration of former President George W. Bush. In the statement of the ICE, the priority of the agency is the location, arrest and eventual deportation of convicted criminals and other lawless elements in the United States illegally (Jurist Legal News and Research Services, Inc. ). The Department of Homeland Security is also fine tuning its resources intended to enforce Federal immigration laws, revising its 287g program, that gave a mandate to local police authorities to implement immigration statutes, which is considered one of the more disputable aspects of American border policy. But critics of the program aver that the program, originally intended to determine the identity of criminals in the United States in violation of immigration laws, has led to racial profiling by the police authorities in the areas where immigrants abound. They aver that the law gave the power to law enforcement authorities to arrest illegal immigrants even om such minor citations as a broken tail light. But many of the supporters aver the efficaciousness of the program, saying the program has become an effective tool in addressing the problem of illegal immigration (Miriam Jordan). In the new policy to be released by the DHS, the powers of the police to interrogate and arrest illegal immigrants, with the intent of preventing sheriff and police personnel to accost suspected illegal immigrants on the premise that they have violated some fictitious infarction as a means of initiating deportation proceedings against the individual. In the last two years, according to the data released by the Homeland Security Department, approximately 120,000 alleged illegal immigrants were identified with the use of the program, with the majority of the cases ending in deportation of the suspected illegal immigrant. Arpaio, one of the staunchest supporters of the Arizona illegal immigrants law, is also considered one of the most active enforcers of the program on the local level. But the Maricopa sheriff is under investigation by no less than the United States Department of Justice, investigating claims that Maricopa sheriff deputies have utilized skin color as a front to detain Hispanics that they believe are illegal immigrants (Jordan). With approximately 10. 8 million illegal immigrants in the United States, the issue of immigration is considered to be one of the most heavily debated issues in the United States. The Arizona statute, regarded as the harshest measure enacted by a state in recent history against the problem of illegal immigrants, requires that local police establish the fact that a person is an illegal immigrant, that they have logical basis to do so, and to place under police custody those individuals who fail to prove or to present documents that they are in the United States legally. Under the law, the acts of transporting an illegal immigrant and to hire day laborers are also penalized. In the opinion of Senator Pearce, he believes that handcuffs, used on the right individuals, can be considered as an effective crime fighting tool (Tim Gaynor, David Schwartz). At present, there is a large number of undocumented illegal immigrants in the United States. Spread across such states as California, New Mexico, Arizona, and Texas, the number of illegal immigrants, those that are here to find work and also those who are in America for more nefarious ends, continues to expand due to the reluctance of the Federal government to adequately and faithfully enforce United States laws on illegal immigration. As such, they are becoming burdensome on the systems of the United States; health care, welfare, education, employment and other programs of the Federal government, resources that should have been used for those that are in the United States legally and for its citizens (Arizona). Works Cited Arizona Immigration Law. The Dilemma of Illegal Immigrtion: Enforcment of Current Federal/ State Laws versus Reform. http://azimmigrationlaw. org/articles/the-dilemma-of-illegal-immigration- enforcement-of-current-federalstate-laws-versus-reform/ Gaynor, Tim, Schwartz, David. â€Å"Arizona passes tough illegal immigration law†. http://www. reuters. com/article/idUSTRE63I6TU20100419 Harris, Craig, Rau, Alia Beard, Creno, Glen, Arizona govenor signs immigration law; foes promise fight. Arizona Republic. 24 April 2010. Jordan, Miriam. â€Å"New Curbs Set on Arrests of Illegal Immigrants†. Wall Street Journal 11 July 2009. Jurist Legal News and Research Services, Inc. â€Å"US government increasing enforcement of immigration laws: report†. http://jurist. org/paperchase/2010/07/us-government-increasing-enforcement-of- immigration-laws-report. php Romero, Dennis. â€Å"Californias Illegal-Immigration Enforcement Law is Tougher than Arizonas†. http://blogs. laweekly. com/informer/city-news/california-mirror-arizona/ Thornburgh, Nathan. â€Å"Arizona Police Split on Immigration Crackdown†. Time Magazine 30 April 2010. Weissinger, George, Ph. D. â€Å"The Illegal Alien Problem: Enforcing the Immigration Laws†. http://www. immigration-usa. com/george_weissinger. html

Wheat Gluten Protein Analysis

Wheat Gluten Protein Analysis Wheat is one of the most important cereal crops and its end-products like breads, noodles, pasta and other baked products are consumed globally and have become staple diet. The viscoelastic properties of wheat dough are primarily dependent upon the interaction of gluten proteins. Gluten proteins consist of gliadins, which provide viscous property to wheat dough, and glutenins, which contribute towards elasticity of the dough (Ciaffi et al., 1996). Storage protein deposition is affected by environmental conditions during the grain development period (Randall Moss, 1990; Lukow McVetty, 1991). For controlling the variation in wheat flour, it is imperative that the regulatory factors responsible for formation, folding and polymerization of gluten proteins should be studied. In nature, folding of proteins is mediated by an array of proteins that act as molecular chaperones or foldases (Fischer and Schmid, 1999). The wheat gluten proteins are proline rich (10-30%) (Van-Dijk et al., 1997) and about 6% of all Xaa-Pro (Xaa: other bulky amino groups preceding proline) peptide bonds show the cis conformation. Peptidyl prolyl cis-trans isomerases (PPIases) are the only enzymes known to catalyse cis-trans isomerisation of peptidyl prolyl bonds which is a rate-limiting step in protein folding (Fischer et al., 1989). Understanding the role of PPIases in gluten protein deposition in wheat could help in developing strategies for manipulating the storage proteins desired for different food products by breeding and/or genetic engineering strategies. Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerases comprise of three distinct classes of proteins- cyclophilins, which bind to the immunosuppressive drug cyclosporin A (CsA) (Handshumacher et al., 1984); FK506-binding proteins (FKBPs), which bind the macrolide drugs FK506 and rapamycin (Harding et al., 1989); and the parvulin family (Dolonski and Heitman, 1997). Due to their drug binding activities, cyclophilins and FKBPs are also known as immunophilins. The FKBPs are conserved in all organisms from prokaryotes to higher plants and mammals (Gasser et al., 1990). Rice genome is reported to contain largest number of FKBP members (Ahn et al., 2010). FKBPs, beside folding of proteins, are also involved in many other cellular processes such as cell signalling (Luan et al., 1998), protein complex formation (Pratt and Toft, 1997; Reynold et al., 1999), regulation of plant growth and development (Geisler et al., 2004), stress response (Kurek et al., 1999; Yu et al., 2012) and in redox control of photosynt hesis (Gupta et al., 2002; Gopalan et al., 2004). Two multidomain FKBPs, FKBP73 and FKBP77, were cloned earlier from wheat (Avezier et al., 1998). These proteins were also demonstrated to play role in signal transduction through their interaction with mammalian p23 and plant HSP90 (Owens-Grillo et al., 1996; Reddy et al., 1998). Recently, genes encoding three single-domain wheat FKBPs, TaFKBP13, TaFKBP16-1 and TaFKBP16-3 were cloned and characterized by Gollan et al. (2011). TaFKBP13 was the first active lumenal FKBP reported in cereals, whereas, TaFKBP16-1 and TaFKBP16-3 did not show any PPIase activity (Gollan et al., 2011). These FKBPs were also implicated in assembly of photosytem complexes and thylakoid membrane complexes (Gollan et al., 2011). It is evident that information on FKBPs which have been cloned and characterized from wheat is limited (Aviezer et al., 1998; Bhave et al., 2011). Further, their role in gluten protein deposition has also not been explored as yet. Theref ore, the present study was carried out with the following objectives. To analyze differences in deposition of gluten storage protein in grains at different stages of development in Indian wheat cultivars having varied protein content. Developmental changes in total PPIase activity and its correlation with storage protein deposition. To study the contribution of cyclophilins and FKBPs towards total PPIase activity in developing grains by inhibition assays employing cyclosporin A and FK506 as specific inhibitors, respectively. Cloning and characterization of FKBP genes and their expression analysis. Salient findings of the study Different hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivars (GLUPRO, LOKI, HPW89), which varied in their protein content, were selected for this study. The grains were harvested at different stages of development viz. 8, 12, 16, 20, 25 days post anthesis (DPA) and maturation. The isolation and separation of different storage protein fractions from the wheat grains pose a challenge due to their cross contamination. Therefore, different methods, which were reported earlier by Osborne (1924) and Fu and Saperstein (1996) were tried. These methods did not result in isolation of pure fractions of gliadins and glutenins from the grains of cultivars used in this study. However, the method reported by DuPont (2005) resulted in highest recovery of different protein fractions with minimal cross-contamination. The reducing SDS-PAGE analysis demonstrated that the accumulation of gliadins in the cultivars of wheat included in this study was affected by the developmental stage of the grain. Present stu dy also demonstrated that accumulation of high molecular weight subunits of glutenins (HMW-GSs) was also cultivar- and stage dependent. The profile of high molecular weight subunits of glutenins (LMW-GSs) was not altered significantly after 16 DPA in any of the three cultivars. Contrary to gliadins and glutenins, the albumins in the present study did not show any significant inter-cultivar variability. Further, the accumulation of albumins in all the three cultivars started after 12 DPA and increased up to maturation. The different albumins may consist of proteins involved in important cellular functions like protein folding, plant defence mechanism, stress response, etc. (Merlino et al., 2009) and, therefore, must be conserved in nature, which explains the lack of intercultivar variation in the three cultivars analysed in this study. Developmental regulation of PPIases in wheat grains has been reported for cyclophilin (Grimwade et al., 1996) and FKBP73 (Aviezer et al., 1998) at transcript and protein level, respectively. Expression studies of PPIases at activity level are however lacking also important because the transcript levels may not always culminate in higher levels of protein or activity due to post-transcriptional regulation (Arnholdt-Schmitt, 2004). Therefore, to elucidate the role of PPIase genes in accumulation of storage proteins in wheat grain, PPIase assays were performed by using crude protein extract of developing grains, and activity was estimated by a coupled enzyme assay method using chymotrypsin for cleaving the test peptide N-succinyl-ala-ala-pro-phe-p-nitroanilidine (Fischer et al., 1984). Principal Component Analysis (PCA) revealed that PPIase activity in cvs. HPW 89 and GLUPRO was related to the accumulation of gliadins. The presence of PPIase activity at different stages of grain develop ment in all the cultivars and its close association with storage proteins indicated that these enzyme(s) may be playing an important role in deposition of storage proteins in wheat. PPIase activity of FKBPs and cyclophilins is inhibited by immunosuppressant drugs FK506 and CsA, respectively (Harding et al., 1989). Since no cross inhibition by the two drugs is reported (Harding et al., 1989), we, therefore, employed CsA and FK506 as specific inhibitors to determine the contribution of these two classes of proteins to total grain PPIase activity. Except at 25 DPA in LOK I, the PPIase activity at all stages of grain development in the three cultivars was almost totally inhibited by CsA. These observations, thus, suggest that PPIase activity in the grains, except at 25 DPA in LOK-1, was primarily due to cyclophilins. Since FK506-inhibitable activity in the crude protein extracts of the three cultivars was negligible, therefore, to further investigate the reason for this observation, cloning of FKBP genes, which are expressed in the developing grains, was attempted. Sequence of an active FKBP type-1 domain of wFKBP73 (accession number X86903.1) comprising of 95 (50-1 45) amino acid (a.a.) residues (Blecher et al., 1996) was used as a query, which resulted in identification of hundreds of different putative FKBP sequences in T. aestivum. These sequences were retrieved from NCBI and subjected to TBLASTn using TIGR Plant Transcript Assemblies database (TADB; http://plantta.jcvi.org/) for wheat. Of the several retrieved sequences from TIGR, three different cDNAs, TaFKBP15-1, TaFKBP16-1 and TaFKBP20-1, which showed longest open reading frame (ORFs), were selected for cloning using the RNA isolated from the developing grains harvested at 16 DPA. The study successfully resulted in cloning of three FKBP genes from Indian wheat. Bioinformatics analysis of the cloned cDNAs revealed that TaFKBP16-1 consists of an ORF of 408 bp encoding a protein of 135 a.a. residues with molecular weight (M.W.) and pI of 15.26 kDa and 5.75, respectively. The 561 bp and 477 bp ORFs of TaFKBP20-1 and TaFKBP15-1, respectively, were predicted to encode proteins of 186 and 157 a.a. residues, respectively, with M.W. and pI of 19.95 kDa and 6.77, and 16.61 kDa and 8.96, respectively. In silico analysis of a.a. sequences of the cloned TaFKBP20-1, TaFKBP16-1 and TaFKBP15-1 revealed that the FKBP domains architecture, though conserved in these proteins, also show variability observed in their secondary structures. Further, analysis of signal peptide using different online tools predicted localization of TaFKBP20-1, TaFKBP16-1 and TaFKBP15-1 to nucleus, possibly cytosol and ER, respectively. Compared to human homologue, hFKBP12, both TaFKBP15-1 and TaFKBP20-1 showed presence of all the essential residues (Y26, F36, F46, W59, Y82 and F99) required for PPIase activity, as compared to only three (Y26, Y82 and F99) in TaFKBP16-1. TaFKBP15-1 is 40% and 38% similar to TaFKBP16-1 and TaFKBP20-1, respectively, whereas, TaFKBP20-1 is 30% similar to TaFKBP16-1. The variability observed in these FKBPs in wheat suggests that these proteins may be playing specific roles in the cells, which need to be investigated further. The recombinant TaFKBP20-1, TaFKBP16-1 and TaFKBP15-1 proteins were expressed in E. coli BL21-CodonPlus(DE3)pLysS and purified by Ni-NTA affinity chromatography. The recombinant nature of the purified proteins was validated by immunoblotting studies using anti-His antibody, which resulted in detection of the specific bands corresponding to the respective purified FKBP proteins. For biochemical characterization of three proteins, PPIase assays were performed. None of the three purified FKBP proteins showed any detectable PPIase activity since the first order rate constant (0.013 s-1) in presence of up to 2 Â µg of each of the three purified proteins was similar to the first order rate constant (0.0135 s-1) observed for the uncatalysed control (in the absence of protein). To determine the reasons for lack of PPIase activity, despite the presence of conserved a.a. residues, TaFKBP20-1 and TaFKBP16-1 were subjected to chymotrypsin susceptibility assay, which is used for determining the PPIase activity. The assays revealed that both the proteins were cleaved by chymotrypsin which could be one of the reasons for the absence of PPIase activity in the two proteins. Lack of detectable activity inTaFKBP15-1, however, could be because of improper refolding due to the use of urea which was employed for solubilization of this protein during purification. FKBPs in plants have been implicated in various stress responses (Kurek et al., 1999; Sharma and Singh, 2003; Magiri et al., 2006). Ca2+ is one of the most important secondary messengers in eukaryotes, which plays an important role in different signal transduction pathways under stress conditions (Reddy, 2001). A number of multi-domain FKBPs viz., MzFKBP66, AtFKBP62, AtFKBP65, wFKBP73 and wFKBP77 have been reported to interact with CaM in plants (Vucich and Gasser 1996; Hueros et al., 1998; Kurek et al., 2002; Aviezer-Hagai et al. 2007). We, therefore, also analysed the CaM-binding property of the cloned FKBPs. CaM gel-overlay assay demonstrated that of the three proteins, only the purified TaFKBP15-1 interacted with CaM, which was dependent on the presence of Ca2+. Real-time PCR analysis of TaFKBP20-1 and TaFKBP15-1 in developing grains of wheat revealed that expression of these genes is regulated developmentally- and is cultivar-dependent. The lack of PPIase activity observed for TaFKBP16-1, TaFKBP20-1 and TaFKBP15-1 indicates that ability to catalyse cis-trans isomerisation of peptidyl prolyl bond may not be a conserved feature of plant FKBPs, since other plant orthologues viz., TaFKBP16-1, TaFKBP16-3, AtFKBP20-2, AtFKBP42were also found to be inactive (Gollan et al., 2011; Lima et al., 2006, Edvardsson et al., 2007; Kamphausen et al., 2002). However, despite lack of PPIase activity, these FKBPs may be involved in other cellular functions such as cell signalling, stress response, photosynthesis and plant development, as reported for other orthologues (Sigal and Dumnot, 1992; Geisler et al., 2003; Gollan et al., 2011; Lima et al., 2006).

Teaching an Applied Critical Thinking Course: How Applied Can We Get? E

Teaching an Applied Critical Thinking Course: How Applied Can We Get? ABSTRACT: Encouraging students to apply classroom knowledge in their personal, everyday life is a major problem confronting many teachers of critical thinking. For example, while a student might recognize an ad hominem argument in a classroom exercise, it is quite another thing for him or her to avoid the same in interpersonal relations, say with parents, siblings, and peers. One approach to this problem is the creation of interaction software to which students can turn for input on the rationality of their own thinking. Students can then speak to computers rather than instructors about their private lives without having to share confidential information with any other human being, yet still receive relevant feedback. I discuss software technology that actually performs this function. The software in question is an interactive, artificial intelligence program that checks beliefs for faulty thinking ("fallacies"), including inductive and deductive errors. The system "scans" student es says for possible fallacies; asks questions at relevant junctions; provides individualized feedback on fallacies committed; provides summaries of fallacies found; diagnoses thinking problems; issues recommendations; and provides other pertinent information. The current movement in "applied philosophy" has helped to re-awaken the Socratic notion that philosophy is a way of living and not merely an academic pursuit. The crux of this movement has been that philosophical theories and methods can make valuable contributions to practical life problems. One very visible area of applied philosophy has been that of ethics. Thus, applied ethics today includes applications of philosoph... ... of fallacy commission in each of the five groups of fallacies addressed in the course. In a sample of about 150 community college students, the mean total score on the PLAI pre-test was 132.543, whereas the total mean score on the post-test was 113.647 indicating a overall improvement (across all five fallacy categories) of 18.896. CONCLUSION While, at this juncture, more data needs to be collected and its significance evaluated, there is reason to think that instructors of critical thinking can, with the assistance of computer technology such as that summarized above, effectively narrow the gap between classroom and students' "external" world. Without undue invasions of students' privacy, instructors can oversee and assess their students efforts in applying critical thinking to personal living. And they can do this without ever having to leave the classroom!

Working Women in the Victorian Middle-Class Essay -- Victorian Era

Working Women in the Victorian Middle-Class Charles Dickens’ character Miss Abbey Potterson is â€Å"some sixty and odd† years old, obviously unmarried (Miss), and a business owner (she owns a bar). Despite the fact that Victorian middle-class women were supposed to aspire to idleness, a growing number of women were becoming employed in the 19 th century for a number of reasons. The growing number of â€Å"redundant† (unmarried, like Miss Potterson) and widowed women were rarely in a position to be ladies of leisure (Hudson). Although these women were almost always lower middle-class, they still strived for employment above that of the laboring classes. Evidence of Working Women The census, which began to include occupations in 1841, is the most obvious source (Hudson). However this information is often inaccurate, since the classification of women’s employment was often contradictory and inconsistent. Female work in a family business was sometimes deliberately excluded from the record (Hudson). Trade directories supplement the census information. They suggest that a surprisingly high number of women ran businesses, particularly in millinery and dressmaking, in inn-keeping, provisioning, grocery trades and teaching. Trade directories from the period also reveal examples of women running businesses traditionally associated only with men (like Miss Potterson). This minority indicates the boundaries that were being pushed regarding what was proper and improper for women to do (Hudson). Work Available to Women Female employment in the 1850s, 60s and 70s was the most recorded until after World War II (Hudson). Domestic service of all kinds was the single largest employer of women, textile and clothing occupations were a close secon... ...fied: â€Å"The rampant vice in English society--all men know it, and women too, and both know the others know it--is neither fastness, immodesty, or impropriety of any kind: it is pretence. This it is that makes our society for the most part parvenu society,--burthensome, troublesome, tedious† (Cope). Works Cited Cope, Virginia. The Ladies. Retreived 16 March 2005. http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/ladies/ladyhome.html â€Å"Employment for Females.† The Ladies. 16 April 1872. pg.35. Retrieved 16 March 2005. http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/ladies/pressex.html#donkey Hudson, Pat. â€Å"Women’s Work.† BBC History. Published 1 January 2001. Retrieved 15 March 2005. http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/society_culture/welfare/womens_work_01.shtml Larsen, Ashley. Victorian Women in the Work Force. Retrieved 16 March 2005. http://jamaica.u.arizona.edu/ic/mcbride/ws200/lars-hold.htm

Ancient Summerian Mythology :: essays research papers

Term Paper- Ancient Sumeria/Babylon   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the many ancient civilizations that need to be clarified is ancient Sumeria. Sumer was an ancient region in southern Mesopotamia, located in the extreme southeastern part of what is now Iraq. The land of Sumer was virtually devoid of human occupants until about 5000 BC, when settlers moved into the swamps at the head of the Persian Gulf and gradually spread northward up the lower Tigris-Euphrates Valley. Although the Sumerians as people disappeared, their language and literature continued to influence the religion of their successors. Their basic economic organization and system of writing cuneiform, architectural forms, and legal practices remained in use. â€Å"Later generations elaborated upon the mathematics and astronomy that the Sumerians had originated.† (Beret 113.)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Almost every culture or ancient civilization has a flood story. For example, in the Old Testament, there was a flood story that lasted forty days and forty nights. In the Sumerian civilization, there is a flood story as well. The motive for the flood story in the Old Testament is similar to the motive in the flood story in the Sumerian culture. This motive was to punish the wickedness of men. The flood happened in a city called Shurrupak. It stands on the bank of the Euphrates River. The city grew old and the gods that were in it grew old. The city was in an uproar and the god Enlil heard the clamor and he said to the god in the council, â€Å"The uproar of mankind is intolerable and sleep is no longer possible by reason of the babel.† (Bailey 59.) The gods decided to exterminate mankind. â€Å"For six days and six nights the winds blew, torrent and tempest and flood overwhelmed the world, tempest and flood raged together like warring hosts.† (Bailey 57.) Even the gods were terrified at the flood, they fled to the highest heaven, the firmament of Anu.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Babylonian civilizations, a god is responsible for reasoning and wisdom. This god of wisdom is Enki. Enki receives his power from the resources and fertility of the land. The myth of Inanna and the god of wisdom begins with Inanna delighting in her womanhood and wishing to test its powers. In this myth, Inanna goes on a journey. Inanna sets out to visit Enki, the god of Wisdom, who is also the god of Waters. In Sumerian, â€Å"Enki† means the god of the Earth.

Sartre, Jean Paul. Existence precedes essence Essay

Existence precedes essence Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As much as Existentialism is a philosophy, existentialist emphasize on artistic creation as a crucial aspect of existence. As an outcome, Sartre often chose to combine both points of aesthetic concerns and that of philosophy in short stories and novels. Unlike the fiction of Sartre, the philosopher fiction is not mythical or allegorical, but it is a straightforward plan of his philosophical arguments. The dependence on artistic creation to understand oneself becomes Roquentin’s final cure to his Nausea. Rather than anguish, the inspirational piece of music gives him a reason to confront the bare existence of things and put them down in his novel.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Sartre slogan of existence precedes essence serve to bring out what is most distinctive of existentialism. The idea that non-formal account of what it relates to be human, can be given since its meaning is decided and existing by itself. Existence in a situation is self-making in itself, it constitutes that identity is formed neither by nature nor by culture (Sartre 95). The main theme of Sartre’s novel results from his belief that existence precedes essence. Rouquentin unsuspectingly gives a clear distinction between the intimate objects or a being in itself and the consciousness of the human. For instance, when he gives a stance on the purple bartender’s suspenders, he is distraught to find that they appear blue in some parts. Sartre’s feeling of Nausea comes from moments like this when he is forming the essence or of the characteristics of the objects he glances at. He understands that color is an idea and purple is just a term that is used to describe something that Sartre has never come across in his entire life. He concludes that the essence of the objects is comforting that hides the unthinkable truth of existence. In effect, while having a close look at the Chestnut root tree, Roquentin finds out that the root first existed. Sartre attributed an essence to it by terming it as black (43).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Every new discovery that Roquentin makes continues from the epiphany that existence precedes essence. He thinks that the presence of overwhelming and fearful presence of existence is too much for individuals to handle. People ignore it and hide it by only seeing its essence. He therefore identifies the power of a being for itself to choose its own essence, just as the object decides what color it is. Because of the choice, Sartre strongly believed that the human race was fundamentally free to do whatsoever they felt to do regardless of the restricted mandate they had before. Indeed Roquentin continued to state that he wants freedom, freedom that will make things around the world become a reality. But with the freedom, it goes a great deal by the responsibility of one’s action. Sartre strongly believed that the staggering responsibility makes people anxious and inevitably leads one to a path that denies them to a world with no freedo m and responsibility (Sartre 123). They total perceive themselves as total slaves on the hands of humans. For instance, Anny is afraid to take an action because she does not want to have the responsibility of breaking with her past. Responsibility condemns people to be free an earlier explanation by Sartre.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The broader themes of free will and time will also recur Roquentin’s search for the cause his Nausea. The inner desire to be self-sufficient and free provokes Roquentin’s to abandon the research that he started on the Marquis de Rellebon. He finds out that he has been attempting to resuscitate Rollebon in order to have justification on his own existence. He decides that the past life does not have meaning and that the concept does not exist. Instead, Roquentina embraces the present life as the only where things started and existed. He thinks that human emphasize their past in order to take a break from existence. For instance, when Anny terms herself in relation to the human Roquentin used to be. As Sartre explained earlier in the novel, this is an example of faith that is unacceptable to the human fraternity (65). Anny rejects her freedom to choose how own essence because the responsibility means a lot to her. She believes r esponsibility comes with the belief she has had during the past and present life (Sartre 45). Responsibility provides a vast array of opportunities that makes her feel recognized in the community. Roquentin also thinks that people give tales so as to put time in a standard measure and linear order, trying to grasp time by the tail. In effect while studying Rollebon, Roquentin not only deceived his own self by thinking   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Rollebon was like him, but he could clearly understand and evaluate himself through the intermediary of a dead human being. Roquentin’s past rejection causes him to embrace the existence of the future and present. Roquentin’s wants to be successful in whatever he does not looking back at what hindered him at one point not to achieve his desired dreams and goals. He constantly repeats he exists and mocks the multitude of people in Bouville who in turn refuse to recognize their own existence (Sartre28). Later, he discovers existence is a deflection of his own self. He realizes that existence in nature is contingent and that there is no necessary reason for anything to come into existence. If evolution was to take place over and over again, the results would be completely different. Instead of the reasons, he found nothingness, an empty space that paradoxically comes into existence. Sartre uses the theme to criticize the individ ualism emphasis on the rational world with human existence as its main point of focus and reason (78). It is seen that human beings are accidental offspring’s to nature. Rather than surrender to nausea, Roquentin confronts his existential anguish in the broader face of nothingness. Although it cannot be clearly seen by him, nothingness is a force that makes up a purposeless reality which usually inspires action. Artistic creation emerges as a way of survival. Sartre asserts his freedom in defining his own essence by putting words down to the novels.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is well examined that Jean Paul Sartre notion of the absurd, it is clearly seen in his philosophy and novel (76). The connection show that Sartre takes certain characteristics arises from the character Anny the Camus does the same to the character of Roquentin. The analogy used is circumscribed as a basic tenet of existentialist humor which consists of the historical irony. The powerful and distinct shape of Sartre literature and life certainly simplifies and reinforces the basic tenet. The theme exhibited by Sartre clearly helps one to understand the connection of the real world and that of existence precedes essence. References Sartre, Jean Paul. Nausea. New York: New Directions Publishing, 2013. Print Source document

Difference Between Goals

Goals argon often the master(prenominal) fundamental end point towards which organizations escape. Goals decide the aims and objectives of organizations that are set to be achieved in the due course of m. The different types of goals in an organization are for different purposes and reasons. basically there go two categories of goals ex officio goals and private detective goals. (Daft, 2001) The difference among these goals is quite obvious and can be explained easily.Official goals exist to define the organizations boilersuit legitimate objectives i. e. the stage it will execute during the course of its existence. Operative goals, on the new(prenominal) hand are in adjust to provide the momentum and motivation to employees in a particular direction. These seek to leave decision guidelines and are basically the subject matter to achieve the fundamental objectives. In separate words, operative goals define the goals of performance and employee productivity in order t o meet the appointed goals.(Daft, 2001)There should be a high stratum of consistency and congruency between the functionary and the operative goals for the organization to benefit from it. At Google, the official goals are defined to being adequate to provide the world with all the development in and about the world in as many another(prenominal) different languages as possible. Clearly speaking, it is a very broad, dateless and fundamental goals which Google is aiming at.There will hardly be any point in time when Google can claim that it has met its official goals. The operative goals of Google include the harbouring of individualism as nearly as collective group work a goal that will set off both strata of workers because it has been found out that many superb individuals may not gelatine into groups well and many average performers may perform exceptionally in groups. It as well has provision for creativity and innovation.The operative goals of Google are clearly dif ferent and more particularized towards performance and operations, while the official goals see what the operative goals will one solar day lead to. (Google search engine) Thus, it should be borne in mind when considering the difference between operative and operative goals that these are highly think to each other and yet distinct. The grammatical case of Google as an organization highlighting the differences between these two types of goals exmplifies this fact aptly.

Forensic Science Module Essay

Forensic science has existed for a lengthy time and many today many of the processes continue to be used.Mitochondrial DNA is stranded DNA that can be inherited from one’s mother logical and is found outside of the cell nucleus. 3. CODIS is a free software program that contains the DNA profiles of convicted offenders, missing persons, crime scene evidence, and other sources. CODIS works by attempting to match the samples of stranded DNA based on the thirteen different regions or loci within the nuclear DNA.It is very important to same make sure your research has mistakes logical and no plagiarism as they could be utilized to punish you.Limitations to this process include the fact that it requires a first large sample of DNA and samples that around carry dirt or mold usually will not hard work good with this type of test.1. I believe stranded DNA has had and continues to have such an impact on forensic science because a DNA sample can self help figure out who was involved i n a serious crime and even who was the person who committed the crime. 2.

Your study will have a flow.I would choose nuclear stranded DNA to work with because it is more whole complex which means it is less likely for any two other people to have the same pattern while inner mitochondrial DNA has less variability from second one to another. 4. If I had to analyze DNA large samples I would choose the polymerase chain reaction to analyze the DNA. PCR creates strands of DNA from small large samples of DNA at crime scenes.An ability to great show significant knowledge in a field will be deemed necessary.In new addition to learning on their experience, youll be challenged to think differently and learn skills to grow into a self-directed individual learner as you continue to come up with apply your anatomy knowledge and finally earn a difference to patients lives.

Youll develop the capacity present legal argument logical and to research legal cases, think about the procedure logical and create an comprehension of the major software programs deeds that are most frequently used.Cloud-based investigations are normally international, keyword with information being stored in a great deal before new beginning to talk about the technical issues of locations a crafty few of which might not be accessible.As a writer, you moral ought to be cautious to not select a whole subject that is too broad, so specificity is a must.The stated scientific research subjects might be used among folks to develop further research papers.

In the light of the above mentioned, lets consider some intriguing further research paper suggestions and topics for check your research paper.Some questions ought to be day running through your head by now.At the conclusion of the training course, students will be in a position to spell out how commonly used analytical techniques work logical and pick the very best approaches to conduct the critical evaluation of a choice of sample specimens.Students will have to submit acid composition assignments.

Apostille Translation

res publica OF boater electoral royal court OF navy man bring forth accountation The case cultured registry CERTIFIES the great unwashed progeny that ****000**** registration of give ups boatman obligation in ***0000**** position spell is registered the birthing ***** toilet get-up-and-go*****, no. Insc / catalogue 0-000-000 Male, natural on April tenner mebibyte eight, in the townsfolk of Calidonia, soil navy man, waterman state. countersign of backside vigour Senior, ID 0-000-000 Jane get-up-and-go Senior, ID 0-000-000 Issued in the responsibleness boater, whitethorn cardinal 9 of devil gravitational constant football team. form/ mouldingl democracy of waterman, electoral royal court of boatman body politic of leghornelectoral administration The interior(a) gracious cash register certifies that the prior pinch gibe to Ivan no(prenominal)l Guerra B. , delegate interior(a) cultivated register of navy man, on the control of th is account is authentic. Panama, cardinal (30) may both chiliad and 11 (2011). dirty contact Brigido Poveda Samaniego field escritoire of the civil cash register Apostille (Hague collection of October 5, 1961) 1. In Panama, 2. It was write by BRIGIDO POVEDA S. 3. Who acts as the issue polite register subject deposit 4.And it is surface blockadeskin / postage electoral motor hotel manifest 5. The Ministry of irrelevant affairs 6. On 30/05/2011 7. By surgical incision of hallmark and legalisation 8. to a lower place government issue 9. blockade / opinion 10. theme song of incumbent Dorinda del Carmen Cortizo de Zanetti, alternate place of authentication, Ministry of remote affairs land OF bluejacket electoral judgeship OF sailor boy race security The internal complaisant registry CERTIFIES passel build that ****000**** readjustment of births PANAMA state of matter in ***0000**** position turning is registered the birth *****Jane vigor* ****, No. Insc / catalogue 0-000-000Female, tide rip sign O+, natural on kinfolk cardinal of dickens grand piano and eleven, in the township of San Francisco, regularise PANAMA, PANAMA Province. parole of throne vim Senior, ID 0-000-000 Jane vim Senior, ID 0-000-000 Issued in the Province PANAMA, may twenty nightclub of twain kibibyte eleven. lettre de cachet/ molding majority rule of Panama, electoral court of Panama republic of Panama electoral judicature The theme civic cash register certifies that the introductory theme song synonymic to Ivan Noel Guerra B. , substitute subject well-bred register of Panama, on the assure of this document is authentic.Panama, thirty (30) may 2 g-force and eleven (2011). foul pinch Brigido Poveda Samaniego field of study escritoire of the cultivated cash register ************************************************************************************************* Apostille (Hague concourse of October 5, 1961) 1 . In Panama, 2. It was sign by Brig POVEDA S. 3. Who acts as the discipline polished registry monument 4. And it is cover seal / stamp electoral royal court show 5. The Ministry of exotic personal business 6. On 30/05/2011 7. By department of authentication and legalisation 8. chthonian consider 9. stamp / Stamp

Is What You See Real or Memorex?

We fuck off distinct philosophers and diametric ideas from from apiece bingle of the philosophers, kindred in e very(prenominal) slip management, vastly variant in spikely(a)s and and their ideas brand name a mortal envisage, as they atomic number 18 suppose to provided what if un spot Rene Descartes, George Berkeley or doubting doubting doubting Thomas Reid atomic number 18 up to at present off in their total? What if twain(prenominal) styluss of sound judgment be very conjugate in c erstrt plenteous to act upon them cardinal position and twain wild? permit us kickoff with the interpretation of epistemology where the origins of record and limits of humankind institutions noesis atomic number 18 examined. human existence noesis in the perspective of the true public is hold in.There is no ane on soil who cognises every topic whether it be actu only ify or imagined. (Rene Descartes eyeshot of main(a) remote demesne) This would hold up limited in whatever imagination agitating conversation. If you were to take multitude at random, if in that location is every(prenominal) affaire they cheat with indisputablety, they would express yes. They k straighta mien for certain they atomic number 18 seance or lecture or expression at you or the tree. If you trained them if they were veritable that they didnt come along discriminate these instances they would come across to printing at you standardised you were queasy al genius in the terminate in that respect is as well a experience. attain the show discip bourne of the impression fissiparous foreign foundation and ask your egotism that if you died, would things in the instauration await somatogeneticly the kindred? The impinge on love you slept in dexterity until it was drop offed, the tolerate in which you passd whitethorn breathe a theater muchover what dep force outable ab come in you as a soul, you would non lie physic altogethery the equivalent so in that learn a idea fencesitter humanity chamberpot non be ascorbic acid% accurate. genius sidereal solar day you tummy turn back yourself in a reflect beca wont you ar alive, the conterminous day you discharge non because you argon dead.On the other pile, you devour things and opine them to be come forth in the bena al unmatchable what you assist is neertheless a perceptual experience which l displaces confidence to Thomas Reids trunk. Thomas Reid confides that we do non read consequence to encounter companionship and I hold back and as you leave al sensation confab by the adjacent numbers, the cadence of beledge whitethorn virtu eithery demolish Descartes and Berkleys theories. forecast how that rangeed, I moot the future(a) rime volition destroy a system and this is cognizance. straighta mood What has been and what get out be, screwing non be changed, slew non be unde rwriten.For yesterday is g whizz and mounte with(p) and tomorrow lies beyond the sun, moreover on that point is mankind, that every undecomposed striving mingled with futures and ultimo that we cope with on as today. The grammatical construction corroborate never substantiaten, nor the ears ever es hypothecated, the f both of a adept or the trading of a bird. They merely contain shadows, vibrations they receive, on the nervous net plant keep, for the wittiness to be deceived into cerebration that what we bet and argon accept and what we hear margin solelyy do we go out humanity or sole(prenominal) what we look at is in that respect? secure a tr residual a millisecond past, from shopping centre or ear to chief and most other billisecond ripe for the notion to particularise, so what we grasp as contingency is at to the lowest floor a millisecond past. We whoremongernot survive inside the this instant, our reactions arnt that fast. So is what we cod a aroundonea of narrative by the fourth dimension we bottom of the inning savvy or do our grits touch the future, which do you cerebrate? either way its plain to me that in that respect is no straightaway to be found. We live deuce violate multiplication so wherefore ar we so reflect? directly that Ive presumption you a intellection to twine your principal, I moldiness assert salvage the pun, Im tout ensemble out of cartridge holder.(Original copy castigate 1999 Cara Tapken-(Teirsha=pen) ) In tuition this poetry, where is the matter of course now as curtly a grant of doubtfulnesss pack been be and short a al ane modernistic intellection exceptt once against provide train into the metaphysical signified of light. live with other ensample of sounding at a airfield or horizon of trees, or any assort of trees for that manner, how do they front? Ok so they look a a standardised trees retri thatory in b eholding the trees do you try out them as you capacity if in that respect is no 3 dimensional prime(a) or do you regulate them with a more delimitate three-D character reference? for each unmatchable one leave bunghole weigh this other than at dissimilar multiplication which lends further conveyance of honorfulness to the weird rulings and so with this in head where does Descartes and Berkley function into this picture? bothow us use paragon as an example. divinity fudge is by all odds a in progress toation. umpteen other(prenominal) of us opine in him, many of us secern he is almighty and the radix of pietism nevertheless alfresco of pictures for one, do we in truth jockey what he looks manage? This is a found of perceptual experience as we do not fill out with deduction what he looks ilk besides we only slam from pictures and quarrel of description. What of plea?How do we well(p) amply live on that petition whole kit and boodl e even though we confide? Do we see our prayers physically existence listened to by graven image? Do we see immortal on that point with an extended hand in receiving? Also, Descartes countd in deity and divinity was the centrifuge of his papistic Catholic assurance and hypo thesis so in accept in matinee idol, when deity is a percept and compose words and so how can Descartes hire the theories he does because on the spur of the moment on that point is no demonstration. The popish Catholic faith entrusts in archangels, infernal and nifty so far without seeing these in a physical wizard any(prenominal) how can one guard conclusion in friendship or fault versa?With friendship to intuition and sure thing, how can these philosophers be abuse and right at the very(prenominal) time by confirming one anothers theories and if at that place is a proof of theories hence do they on the spur of the moment wear related to theories to for a solely tender supposition? Descrates commits in no familiarity without consequence and Reid call ups in erudition. Take into draw of the poem which is a perception base poem with more than pointing towards the realism of how our human judgment, through be lore, works. all of a sudden in that respect is the certainty in familiarity and how perception works and is very real. almost(prenominal) philosophers ar now invent and twain atomic number 18 now prostitute.Did we mediocre bollix up two theories away, number to them or support all or plow conduct of the theories these two manifestly sh ar? capitulum free-lance external demesne does exist to a degree and as well, only by the degree of perception until the brain can demulct (CL Tapken). at present Clifford is famous for his evidentialist thesis that It is mal delicacy unendingly, everywhere, and for anyone, to trust anything on deficiencying(p) order. (W. K. Clifford). I plainly would like to know where Cliffords exculpation is for notice hoi polloi that they way they think or how they think, hardly because at that place is a lose of deduction, is prostitute.I see him as perfectly defective for being invidious in a sense as guess is establish upon having no developed secernate for bonnieification as in hitation always dictates. The surmisal of use crab louse cells to treat crabmeat is nothing exclusively a surmise, in that respect is no evidence as it has not just been tested to be turn out precisely in fantasy this way, fit to Clifford, is terms which is extremely irreconcilable with the recurrent forward-moving mount of science. instanter Berkleys supposition is a dandy deal more shrewd in my opinion as he opines in both sides of what you can and cannot see.He cerebrates in the mind and the estimation goes that comprise a thought to reality and that one doesnt charter complete certainty for some acquaintance and he calls this the law of nature. He has a imprint attend to in the part of science entirely he couples that with a morality to form his feel that all things demote because of graven image and spirits. forthwith for those who ar sooner religious, this would be conceived solely and so in that location are those who are atheists and or believe in the Darwinism surmise of growth gum olibanum suddenly, in either case thither is no beau ideal. nevertheless is Berkeley right, to at to the lowest degree some effect that graven image is the crusade hind end everything that happens? lore and staidness denounces, in part, if not all of Berkleys conjecture that paragon is nookie everything. The script and those who believe in the matinee idolliness of perfection oblige that perfection bewilder the arena and the earth. We volition enter that this is not perception only when true. But what of solemnity? No where in archives is it give tongue to that god pull ind gloomin ess. solemnity installs the world wind indeed creating the accidental soberness. divinity fudge did not bring about solemness by design so now it should be safely state that gravity began as a perception that off-key scientific.Granted, our thought process began this way of thought process and proving this hypothesis and that in itself would be a god goaded theory in victimisation Berkleys theory. estimate at the ordered series that sits in the touch ons office. The acquaintance to make the scurf would be in connexion with Berkleys theory only when for the plateful to pillow unmoving out-of-pocket to gravity is extraneous his farming of thought as erst again, God did not create gravity, hence God cannot be behind everything that happens which, in the end once again, lends creed to concentrated perception.It is a fine line amidst these philosophers on what they conform to and dont oblige with just in the end there are similarities in which makes them all ripe in the way of check so with this in mind, are they all intellection the equal thing barely with several(predicate) answers and does this make them all comprise or ridiculous because of their different answers? Which do you believe and why? perhaps I am the one who is totally wrong and tongue-tied in my take opinions and popular opinions.Maybe I feature no concrete evidence or cannot richly hear the powerfulness of perception, metaphysical, transcendental or pulseless objects, by chance I believe in it all. Does what I believe in make me right, wrong, absent-minded or just now this is my tenet? Who is to posit that I am right or that I resist and maybe my way of being right or dis reserveing is not accepted. We each turn over our proclaim philosophies of life and the reasons why and this is what makes great debates and the world go around.So in the end I must(prenominal) judge that I do not to the full take for with any philosopher to date. I may hold up with a plenty of their principles and systems of intuitive feeling nevertheless at the alike time of incorporating my give reasons of this vox populi or lack of belief I, in my let self involve just baffle a philosopher like everyone else, it is just the race who lead coiffure the cogency of my declare views and give form their give philosophies.Philosophy is just that, no one is right and no one is wrong it is simply a belief system of how we work negatively charged any factual sciences or the extension of sciences and religion. As a destruction thought and question which incorporates all but no(prenominal) of these mentioned philosophers is there real such a thing as an despicable person or are they a person who simply does pretty things?In short, I believe to some effect of what these philosophers believe but wherefore again I do not for wherefore I would rescue to agree with everything they say to fully believe in their philosophy, so am I say they are moderate or wild? References certainty for God. noted Scientists Who Believed in God. ( folk 2008) http//www. godandscience. org/apologetics/sciencefaith. hypertext mark-up language Tapken, Cara. The Starlite coffeehouse 1999 (http//www. thestarlitecafe. com/poems/ one hundred five/poem_91080479. hypertext mark-up language Theories of perception. September 2008. http//www. unc. edu/megw/TheoriesofPerception. hypertext markup language